本文選題：武裝沖突中的性暴力　切入點(diǎn)：國(guó)際人道主義法　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是人類(lèi)文明史中重要卻殘酷的一章。強(qiáng)奸及其他形式的性暴力在數(shù)千年各種戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中一直呈現(xiàn)以常態(tài),然而國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)現(xiàn)象的重視卻是一種新的現(xiàn)象。歷史上由于性暴力問(wèn)題的敏感性,武裝沖突中的性暴力問(wèn)題幾乎被排除在所有社會(huì)學(xué)科的研究與記載范疇外。另一方面,性暴力仍然大量貫穿在各種武裝沖突之中。二十世紀(jì)被后來(lái)的社會(huì)學(xué)家評(píng)論為"人類(lèi)歷史有記錄以來(lái)最兇殘的時(shí)期"。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間日本皇軍攻占中國(guó)南京,60萬(wàn)南京城平民中有30萬(wàn)慘遭日軍殺戮(歷史上稱(chēng)"南京大屠殺"),并有約20萬(wàn)至80萬(wàn)的女性被日軍綁架與強(qiáng)奸。波黑戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期,塞族部隊(duì)對(duì)約有10萬(wàn)至60萬(wàn)的穆斯林婦女進(jìn)行大規(guī)模集體強(qiáng)奸,以達(dá)到其"種族清洗"的目的。在非洲的"盧旺達(dá)大屠殺"中,遭受強(qiáng)奸的受害者估計(jì)約達(dá)15萬(wàn)至50萬(wàn)。大規(guī)模的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)暴行及種族屠殺沖擊了人類(lèi)的良知。自在二十世紀(jì)末以來(lái),大量人權(quán)組織,學(xué)者和人權(quán)主義者開(kāi)始關(guān)注與譴責(zé)武裝沖突中的性暴力問(wèn)題。國(guó)際社會(huì)上要求打擊武裝沖突中的性暴力問(wèn)題的呼聲愈發(fā)強(qiáng)烈。過(guò)去的半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái),國(guó)際法在禁止與懲治武裝沖突中性暴力領(lǐng)域取得了令人矚目的發(fā)展。國(guó)際人道法與國(guó)際人權(quán)法對(duì)包括武裝沖突在內(nèi)的任何時(shí)期的性暴力做出了必要的保護(hù)性和禁止性規(guī)定。國(guó)際刑法將最嚴(yán)重的性暴力形式犯罪化。國(guó)際刑事法庭的判決進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)了強(qiáng)奸及其他形式的性暴力可能會(huì)構(gòu)成國(guó)際犯罪——戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪、危害人類(lèi)罪和滅絕種族罪,并導(dǎo)致個(gè)人刑事責(zé)任。在規(guī)范武裝沖突中的性暴力問(wèn)題上,國(guó)際法的這三個(gè)法律分支有效響應(yīng)并相互產(chǎn)生積極影響。盡管存在這些卓越的法律成就,性暴力問(wèn)題仍在當(dāng)今許多沖突地區(qū)呈現(xiàn)出令人不安的趨勢(shì)。越來(lái)越多的聲音質(zhì)疑法律規(guī)則在規(guī)范這個(gè)問(wèn)題上的不足以及相關(guān)規(guī)則在實(shí)施上的有效性�？紤]到?jīng)_突中的性暴力問(wèn)題的復(fù)雜性與社會(huì)性,本文采用一種"社會(huì)法學(xué)"的研究方法試圖闡釋法律與社會(huì)現(xiàn)象(即"文本上的法律"與"實(shí)踐上的法律")在規(guī)范該問(wèn)題上可能存在的空缺。研究的內(nèi)容包括對(duì)沖突中的性暴力問(wèn)題在法律與社會(huì),文化等多種角度進(jìn)行解讀,對(duì)現(xiàn)有國(guó)際法規(guī)則與制度充分性做出檢驗(yàn),并試圖評(píng)估國(guó)際刑事法庭在執(zhí)行法律上的有效性,以作為進(jìn)一步探索在打擊沖突中的性暴力領(lǐng)域上存在的障礙及解決思路的基礎(chǔ)。本文通過(guò)對(duì)阿拉伯?dāng)⒗麃喒埠蛧?guó)武裝沖突現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行研究,強(qiáng)調(diào)強(qiáng)奸及其他形式的性暴力不僅被沖突各方利用為"摧毀受害者身份、尊嚴(yán)、社會(huì)及家庭基礎(chǔ)"的"戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)策略",甚至被作為針對(duì)雅茲迪族種族清洗的手段。然而,由于站出來(lái)所面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、威脅和創(chuàng)傷,很多受害者選擇保持沉默,有關(guān)沖突中的性暴力的調(diào)查和報(bào)告仍然嚴(yán)重不足。實(shí)質(zhì)上,武裝沖突中的性暴力不僅是對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)法和人權(quán)法的嚴(yán)重違反,也是一個(gè)根深蒂固的與其民族及宗教文化密切相關(guān)的社會(huì)性問(wèn)題。因此在打擊和預(yù)防沖突中的性暴力問(wèn)題上并不能僅依賴(lài)于法律工具的規(guī)范,而是需要國(guó)際社會(huì)充分考量道德,社會(huì),經(jīng)濟(jì)及法律等各個(gè)層面以做出綜合應(yīng)對(duì)。綜上所述,現(xiàn)有的國(guó)際法律規(guī)則及制度即使仍存在不足,但仍為規(guī)范沖突中的性暴力問(wèn)題及懲罰犯罪提供了重要的法律保障。遺憾的是,國(guó)際法在追究敘利亞武裝沖突中的強(qiáng)奸,性暴力及種族屠殺等犯罪上仍沒(méi)有得到落實(shí)。對(duì)此,作者提出觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為國(guó)際社會(huì)應(yīng)進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化對(duì)沖突中性暴力犯罪的認(rèn)知,以種族清洗為目的的強(qiáng)奸行為應(yīng)被視為種族滅絕罪的一種,應(yīng)接受普遍管轄。這不僅在為法律規(guī)則的強(qiáng)化與實(shí)施提供了更多可能,也在社會(huì)層面上挑戰(zhàn)一些傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)強(qiáng)加于受害者的羞愧和恥辱。母庸置疑,徹底消滅這種為沉默所隱蔽的犯罪仍是"道阻且長(zhǎng)",但追究犯罪者責(zé)任,維護(hù)受害者的尊嚴(yán)不會(huì)再是烏托邦式空想。
[Abstract]:War is the history of human civilization has important cruel chapter. Rape and other forms of sexual violence in the thousands of years of war has been the norm, but the phenomenon of international society attention is a new phenomenon in history. Due to the sensitive problem of sexual violence and sexual violence in armed conflict is almost excluded from the study and record the categories of all social disciplines. On the other hand, sexual violence is still a lot of throughout the various armed conflict. Comments by later sociologists in twentieth Century as "human history record in the most brutal period". During the Second World War the Imperial Japanese army captured China Nanjing, Nanjing City 600 thousand civilians in 300 thousand the Japanese were killed (historically called "Nanjing Massacre"), and about 200 thousand to 800 thousand of women by the Japanese kidnapping and rape. During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serb forces of about 100 thousand to 60 Thousands of Muslim women were mass rape, in order to achieve the "ethnic cleansing". In Africa "genocide", rape victims is estimated about 150 thousand to 500 thousand. The war atrocities and genocide in the large-scale impact of the human conscience. Since the end of twentieth Century, a large number of human rights organizations, academics and human rights people begin to pay attention to the condemned sexual violence in armed conflict. The increasingly strong international society against sexual violence in armed conflict. The voice of the past half century, the international law to prohibit and punish neutral armed conflict violence field has made remarkable development. The international humanitarian law and international human rights law on sexual violence any period of armed conflict, including the making of the necessary protection and prohibition of international criminal law. The most serious forms of sexual violence crime. The International Criminal Court further confirmed the rape and other forms of sexual violence may constitute International Crimes: war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, and lead to individual criminal responsibility. The issue of sexual violence in armed conflict in the specification, the three branches of the law of international law effectively respond to and influence each other positively. Despite these excellent legal achievements, the issue of sexual violence is still in many conflict areas showing a disturbing trend. More and more voices questioned the effectiveness of lack of legal rules in the specification on this issue and the related rules in the implementation. Considering the complexity of social and sexual violence in conflict. This paper adopts a "social law" research method attempts to explain the legal and social phenomenon (i.e. "text on the law" and "practice of law") in the specification of the problem may exist In the vacancy. The study includes the issue of sexual violence in conflict in the law and society, to interpret a variety of cultural angle, make a test of the adequacy of existing rules of international law and system, and attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the International Criminal Court in the law, so as to further explore the existence of the conflict in the fight against in the field of violence obstacles and Solutions Foundation. Based on the research of the Arabia Republic of Syria armed conflict situation, emphasizing the rape and other forms of sexual violence is not only by the parties to the conflict to destroy the victims of identity, dignity, social and family based "and" war strategy ", even as the means of ethnic cleansing the Yazidi family. However, because of the risk of stand facing the threat and trauma, many victims choose to remain silent about sexual violence in conflict investigation and report A serious shortage. In essence, sexual violence in armed conflict is not only the law of war and human rights law is a serious violation, ingrained with ethnic and religious culture is closely related to the social problems. Therefore, the problem of sexual violence in combating and preventing the conflict and not only depends on the legal tools for the specification, but the need for the international community to fully consider the moral, social, economic and legal aspects in order to make a comprehensive response. In summary, the rules of international law and the existing system even if there is still insufficient, but still provides an important legal guarantee to regulate sexual violence in conflict problems and punishment of the crime. Unfortunately, the international law in the investigation of Syria armed conflict in rape, sexual violence and genocide and other crimes have not been implemented. In this regard, the author put forward the view that the international community should further strengthen the violence of conflict neutral The crime of cognition, a genocide rape behavior objective should be regarded as genocide, should accept the universal jurisdiction. This not only provides more possibilities for the implementation of the rule of law and strengthen, also challenge some traditional society imposed on the victim's shame and disgrace on the social level. Mother rguably completely this is the elimination of hidden crime remains silent road resistance and long, but shall be investigated for criminal responsibility, safeguard the dignity of the victims is no longer a utopia.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D995;D998.2
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本文編號(hào)：1666729