發(fā)布時間：2018-03-21 20:39

  本文選題：植物遺傳資源　切入點：國際協(xié)調　出處：《復旦大學》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：隨著生物技術的發(fā)展,植物遺傳資源日益成為了一項重要的戰(zhàn)略資源。縱觀全球,植物生物技術主要為發(fā)達國家所掌握,而植物遺傳材料卻大量集中于發(fā)展中國家。這導致兩者在遺傳材料利用成果的分享上形成了利益沖突與博弈。本文共分三章。第一章探討植物遺傳資源利用與利益平衡。在舊的國際法律體制下,發(fā)達國家利用植物遺傳資源國際法律地位不清以及知識產權制度的國際擴張,通過生物剽竊方式竊取了本應由發(fā)展中國家所享有的利益份額,同時加劇了生物多樣性危機和環(huán)境等問題,導致利益失衡。在此背景下,一系列以合理分享利益、限制知識產權過度擴張的國際努力得到了持續(xù)開展。第二章著重研究植物遺傳資源利用中的國際協(xié)調。1992年《生物多樣性公約》的通過確認了國家對于植物遺傳資源主權權利,為發(fā)展中國家參與利益分配奠定了基礎。此外,該公約還建立了以事先知情同意和共同商定條件為主要內容的植物遺傳資源利用國際雙邊機制,推動成員間以協(xié)議方式解決植物遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享。但是在實踐中,由于操作上的困難以及協(xié)議雙方在信息和能力方面的不對稱,看似公平的雙邊機制卻可能造成實際的不公平,進而遭到了一些發(fā)展中國家的批評。這些國家尋求建立一個獲取和惠益分享的國際體制,以克服雙邊機制的上述缺陷。這一談判過程歷時漫長,隨著2010年《名古屋議定書》的達成,才終于原則性地確認了建立全球多邊惠益分享機制的需要。而與此緩慢進展相對的是,在農業(yè)和糧食植物遺傳資源領域,鑒于其對人類的特別重要性,聯(lián)合國糧農組織在2001年便通過了《糧食和農業(yè)植物遺傳資國際條約》,確立了該類植物遺傳資源利用的國際多邊機制。此外,考慮到知識產權是遺傳資源商業(yè)化利用的主要方面,上述兩大機制實效的發(fā)揮程度還有賴于其與現行國際知識產權制度(主要是《與貿易相關知識產權協(xié)定》)的協(xié)調。這一方面的國際談判和學術研討已經有所開展。第三章扼要論述我國的有關立法及改進的建議。我國作為一個植物遺傳資源大國,已加入《生物多樣性公約》并積極參與了相關國際談判,同時也在植物遺傳資源利益保護的國內立法方面作出了一系列努力,比如新近對《專利法》及其實施細則以及《專利審查指南》的修訂便是一例。但是,我國目前的法律體系在邏輯體系上并不十分嚴密,仍有完善和改進的空間。此外,我國作為一個傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)大國,尚未加入《糧食和農業(yè)植物遺傳資源國際條約》,應當權衡加入的利弊而作出理性選擇。
[Abstract]:With the development of biotechnology, plant genetic resources have become an important strategic resource. However, plant genetic materials are concentrated in developing countries, which leads to the conflict of interests and game in the sharing of the results of genetic material utilization. This paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the utilization and benefit of plant genetic resources. Balance of interests. Under the old international legal system, Developed countries have exploited the unclear international legal status of plant genetic resources and the international expansion of intellectual property regimes to steal the share of benefits that should have been enjoyed by developing countries through biological plagiarism, At the same time, it exacerbates the biodiversity crisis and environmental problems, resulting in an imbalance of interests. In this context, a series of benefits are shared reasonably, International efforts to limit the excessive expansion of intellectual property rights have been sustained. Chapter II focuses on international coordination in the use of plant genetic resources. The adoption of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity recognized the sovereign right of States over plant genetic resources, Providing a basis for developing countries to participate in the distribution of benefits... in addition, the Convention establishes an international bilateral mechanism for the utilization of plant genetic resources, with prior informed consent and mutually agreed conditions as the main elements, Facilitate the resolution of access to and benefit-sharing of plant genetic resources by agreement among members. In practice, however, due to operational difficulties and asymmetries between the parties to the agreement in terms of information and capabilities, Bilateral mechanisms that appear to be fair can create real inequities, which in turn have been criticized by a number of developing countries that seek to establish an international system of access and benefit-sharing, To overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings of the bilateral mechanism. This negotiating process took a long time, with the conclusion of the Nagoya Protocol of 2010, Finally recognizing, in principle, the need for a global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism and, in contrast to slow progress, in the area of agricultural and food plant genetic resources, given their particular importance to humankind, In 2001, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations adopted the International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, establishing an international multilateral mechanism for the utilization of such plant genetic resources. In addition, considering that intellectual property rights are the main aspect of the commercial use of genetic resources, The effectiveness of these two mechanisms also depends on their coordination with the existing international intellectual property system (mainly the Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of intellectual property Rights). Chapter III briefly discusses the relevant legislation and suggestions for improvement in China. As a large country of plant genetic resources, Having acceded to the Convention on Biological Diversity and actively participated in relevant international negotiations, and has made a number of efforts in the area of domestic legislation for the protection of the interests of plant genetic resources, For example, the recent revision of the Patent Law and its implementing rules and the Patent Review Guide is an example. However, the current legal system in China is not very strict in its logical system, and there is still room for improvement and improvement. As a traditional agricultural country, China has not yet joined the International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Grain and Agriculture, so we should weigh the advantages and disadvantages of accession and make a rational choice.
【學位授予單位】：復旦大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D997.1

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本文編號：1645453