本文選題：國際司法機構(gòu)　切入點：裁決　出處：《哈爾濱工業(yè)大學》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：在國際司法實踐中,大多數(shù)國際司法機構(gòu)的法官均可以在判決文書后附隨不同意見,這也是國際司法裁決的一大特色。從理論上看,少數(shù)意見對于法官、合議庭、判決結(jié)果以及法律理解都具有重要的價值,而從實踐來說,國際法院、前南斯拉夫問題國際刑事法庭、歐洲人權(quán)法院的裁判文書中都附有持不同意見的少數(shù)法官撰寫的個人意見,此外,國際刑事法院、國際海洋法法庭的判決中也對少數(shù)意見予以公開�？梢娚贁�(shù)意見是國際司法實踐中不可忽視的部分,也是國際司法制度發(fā)展的一大趨勢,這說明對少數(shù)意見價值的研究很有必要。 對于少數(shù)意見是否應當公開的問題,存在不同的觀點,大部分國內(nèi)學者所關(guān)注的多為少數(shù)意見對中國司法制度的作用和影響,而國外學者對此的研究成果中多為對美國國內(nèi)法院系統(tǒng)中法官的少數(shù)意見研究,對國際司法機構(gòu)則鮮有研究。因此,本文著眼于國際司法裁決本身,具體研究起來仍然有很大的空間。 文章首先對少數(shù)意見的含義、性質(zhì)、類型、公開方式進行了介紹。其次對國際司法機構(gòu)采納少數(shù)意見公開制度進行了研究,分析了它作為一個英美法系的司法制度,卻被國際司法制度所采納的原因,同時也對國際社會在少數(shù)意見公開問題上存在的爭議進行了梳理。在研究中總結(jié)出少數(shù)意見公開的價值,它不但確保了法官的獨立性,增強了法官的責任心,而且有助于合議庭在評議過程中尋求更公正、更正確、更周延的判決,并帶動了法學界對新問題的發(fā)掘和探討。雖然該制度價值很高,而且被國際司法機構(gòu)吸納并廣泛使用,但在實踐中仍有國家并未采用,可見其實施需要滿足特定的條件,首先,法官獨立性需要有所保障;其次,需要在級別較高的法院使用;第三,在那些具有憲法性意義的判決文書中公開少數(shù)意見才更有助于發(fā)揮該制度的重要作用。希望通過對少數(shù)意見公開所需條件的分析,為沒有移植該制度的國際司法機構(gòu)和國家提供一個有效地參照。文章最后一部分在前文研究的基礎(chǔ)上,分析國際司法機構(gòu)引入少數(shù)意見公開制度的啟示,在國際層面的影響在于它推動了歐盟法院的改革進程,聯(lián)系大陸法系國家的制度設(shè)置,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在德國和日本,分別在聯(lián)邦憲法法院和最高法院吸收了該項制度。我國也可以從中得到有益的啟示,在具體操作時應積極穩(wěn)妥,分布實施,逐步推開,目前可先從最高人民法院和高級人民法院受理的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)、金融、商事、海事以及涉外案件開始實施。 文章采用文獻分析法和比較分析法,前者著眼于國際司法機構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)性文件——公約或規(guī)約,以及國內(nèi)外學者的相關(guān)理論;后者在文章中多次采用,對少數(shù)意見公開的背景、方式和程度進行比較,使分析對象的性質(zhì)更加明確,對該領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展也有著諸多的借鑒意義。 法律全球化的背景決定了法律一致的必然性,作為國際司法發(fā)展趨勢的少數(shù)意見公開制度也逐漸由英美法系國家擴展到大部分國際司法機構(gòu),并滲透至尚未采納該制度的國際司法機構(gòu)及大陸法系相關(guān)國家,有理由相信該制度將會對國際國內(nèi)的司法實踐產(chǎn)生積極地影響。
[Abstract]:In the judicial practice, the majority of international judicial institutions can judge in the judgment documents accompanying different opinions, this is also a major feature of the international judicial ruling. Theoretically, the minority opinions for the judge, the collegial panel, which has important value judgments and legal understanding, from the practice, international the court, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, judgments of the European Court of human rights are accompanied by a few judges dissented from the written opinion, in addition, the International Criminal Court, the International Tribunal for the law of the sea in the judgment of minority opinions. Visible minority opinion is an inseparable part of the international judicial practice, a it is a general trend of international judicial system development, the research on the value of minority opinions is very necessary.
For a few opinions on whether should be open to the public, there are different views, most domestic scholars paid more attention to the influence of Chinese and minority opinion of the judicial system, and foreign scholars research results for many of the minority opinion research judge in the United States domestic court system, research of international judicial institutions are rarely so. In this paper, focusing on the international judicial ruling itself, the concrete research still have a lot of space.
Firstly, the minority opinion meaning, nature, type, open mode are introduced. Secondly, the adoption of international judicial institutions minority opinions system were studied, analyzed it as a common law judicial system, but adopted by the international judicial system reason, also summarizes the existence of international society the problem of minority opinions on the controversy. Summed up the value of minority opinions in the research, it not only ensures the independence of judges, enhance the judge's responsibility, but also help the collegial panel in the appraisal process for a more equitable, more accurate, more comprehensive judgment, and promote and explore law of the new problem. Although the value of the system is very high, but also by the international judicial bodies absorb and widely used, but in practice there are still countries did not use visible, which needs to meet certain conditions, the first First, the judge independence needs to be protected; secondly, need to be implemented in the higher courts; third, in those with constitutional significance of the judgment documents publicly minority opinion will benefit play an important role in the system. By analysis of minority opinions required conditions, provide an effective reference no transplant the system of international judicial institutions and countries. In the last part of the article on the basis of previous research, analysis of the minority opinions system of international judicial institutions in revelation, the international level is that it promotes the European court reform process, set up the civil law countries system, can be found in Germany and Japan in the system, are absorbed in the Federal Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court. China can get inspirations from, should actively and steadily, the distribution of the implementation in the specific operation, one by one At present, we can begin the implementation of intellectual property, finance, business, maritime and foreign-related cases, which are accepted by the Supreme People's court and the high people's court.
This paper adopts the method of literature analysis and comparative analysis, the former focuses on basic documents of international judicial institutions, conventions or protocols, as well as the theory of domestic and foreign scholars; the latter has been used several times in the article, the minority opinions in the background, compare the way and degree of the analysis of the nature of the object more clearly, there are many references on the development of this field.
The necessity of legal globalization background determines the legal agreement, as the minority opinions system trend of international judicial development has gradually extended to most of the countries of Anglo American law system of international judicial institutions, and penetrate to the system not yet adopted the international judicial institutions and civil law system countries, there is reason to believe that the positive impact on judicial practice of the system will be on international and domestic.

【學位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D99

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