本文選題：難民保護　切入點：難民權利　出處：《廣西師范大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：國際難民問題是困擾世界各國的一個重大難題�？植绖萘ρ杆贁U張、地區(qū)沖突愈演愈烈、種族、宗教等老大難問題導致最近幾年來難民問題更加突出。當國際難民如潮水般涌來,如何管理好難民的安置問題、如何保護好難民應有的權利,國際社會仍舊需要一個可行之策。難民問題之所以困擾世界各國,其原因各不一樣。但當中最難被忽視的一點就是當今的國際難民保護制度存在著很多的問題,不僅僅是大家老生常談的難民定義的范圍狹窄,還包括制造難民的國家國際責任難以被追究;作為難民保護組織的聯(lián)合國難民署保護能力難以滿足需要等等問題。對這些問題不加以重視予以解決,勢必就會導致國際難民保護的實際效果難達預期。本文試圖通過對當前國際通行的難民保護條約及難民保護制度進行分析,發(fā)掘指出其中的不足并提出相應的解決對策,以期能對完善國際難民保護制度的完善和中國難民保護制度體系的建立有所助益。文章大致上分為五個部分對國際難民權利的法律保護進行了探討。為了能夠更為清晰的討論本文的中心內(nèi)容,文章的第一部分對難民問題進行了一個簡單的概述,主要是對難民的概念進行了界定,即本文所指難民是嚴格按照1951年《關于難民地位的公約》、1967年《關于難民地位的議定書》以及相關國際條約定義的,并介紹了難民概念的一個發(fā)展歷程。此外這一部分還對難民身份的界定、難民問題產(chǎn)生的原因及其現(xiàn)狀進行了簡單的介紹,為以后的討論提供一定的鋪墊。文章第二部分進一步開始分析國際難民應該享有的具體權利,對其中的入境權、居留權、自由行動權、工作權、財產(chǎn)權、受教育權進行了簡要的介紹。隨后列舉了國際難民權利保護的法律依據(jù),即主要包括國際人權法的法律文件、難民保護的專門國際公約、區(qū)域性的國際公約三個方面的法律文件。其中國際人權方面的法律文件主要是指《聯(lián)合國章程》、《世界人權宣言》、《公民和政治權利國際公約》和《經(jīng)濟、社會和文化權利公約》四個部分;專門的國際公約主要指《關于難民地位的公約》和《難民議定書》;區(qū)域性的國際公約則列舉了非洲地區(qū)的《關于非洲難民問題某些特定方面的公約》和拉丁美洲的《卡塔赫納宣言》。文章的第三部分是本文的重點部分。該部分首先指出了目前國際難民保護制度存在的不足,主要包括四個方面。第一,國際難民定義過于狹窄聯(lián)合國難民署基于人道主義實施的一些救援活動因為缺乏法律依據(jù),并無法獲得主權國家的支持。第二,國際難民保護相關條約存在缺陷缺乏具體的程序性規(guī)定,不利于切實維護難民的基本權利。第三,聯(lián)合國難民署的影響力有限這使得難民署很難調(diào)動國際社會的力量參與到難民的保護工作中,不利于難民署工作的順利開展和世界難民問題的永久解決。第四,國際難民基本權利易受侵害。之后該部分從五個方面提出了解決上述問題的建議,主要包括擴大難民定義的范圍、設立分門別類的難民保護機制、制定完善的難民保護程序、建立國家難民保護問責機制、將難民保護納入國際人權保護體系。文章第四部分由對國際社會難民保護制度的反思轉(zhuǎn)入對我國現(xiàn)有難民保護問題的討論。首先介紹了我國難民保護具體實踐的概況,列舉了印支難民、緬甸果敢難民尋求我國庇護的事例。隨后對目前我國難民保護方面的國內(nèi)立法實踐作了相關的介紹,并就我國在國際條約框架下對國際難民的入境權、居留權、自由行動權等權利的保護狀況進行了一定的討論。該部分最后指出了中國難民保護實踐中存在國內(nèi)專門法尚處于空白狀態(tài)、難民身份甄別制度存在缺陷、沒有明確的難民待遇標準三個主要問題。第五部分主要是對針對目前我國難民保護存在問題所提出的一些對策,主要包括五個方面。制定專門的《難民法》,為實踐工作提供有效依據(jù),切合實際保護尋求中國庇護的國際難民;制定難民認定標準的基本要求,難民定義是認定難民身份的主要依據(jù)和標準,是難民法必須明確的問題;制定合理有效的難民甄別程序,只有建立一個明確合理的難民甄別程序,難民法中規(guī)定的難民認定標準和難民待遇標準才能夠得到有效遵守和執(zhí)行;完善難民待遇標準;加強國際合作。
[Abstract]:The international refugee problem is a major problem that plagued the world. The rapid expansion of terrorist forces, regional conflicts intensified, racial, religious and other difficult issues in recent years the refugee problem is more prominent. When the international refugee tide, how to manage the resettlement of refugees, how to protect the rights of refugees, international society still needs a solution. The refugee problem is plagued the world, the reason is different. But one of the most difficult to be ignored is that the current international refugee protection system exists many problems, not only is the definition of the scope of all countries a commonplace talk of an old scholar narrow, international responsibility also includes creating refugees to be held; UNHCR protection as a refugee protection organization is difficult to meet the needs and so on. Do not attach importance to these problems to be resolved, It would lead to the actual effect of the international refugee protection difficult to reach expectations. This paper tries to carry on the current international treaties on the protection of refugees and refugee protection system analysis, explore and point out the deficiencies and puts forward corresponding countermeasures, in order to improve the international refugee protection system and establish a perfect protective system has China refugee protection system help. This paper is generally divided into five parts of the legal protection of the rights of refugees are discussed. In order to be more clear about the main content of this article, the first part of the article for a brief overview of the problem of refugees, mainly defines the concept of refugees, the article referred to the refugees is in strict accordance with the 1951 Convention on the status of refugees < >, < 1967 > Protocol relating to the status of refugees and relevant international treaties definition, and introduces the concept of a refugee A course of development. In addition, this part also defines the refugee status, introduced the reason and current situation of the refugee problem, discuss the future to provide some groundwork. The second part of the article further analysis of the specific rights of refugees should start to enjoy international, the right of entry, residence, freedom of action. The right to work, property rights, the right to education is briefly introduced. Then introduce the legal basis of international protection of the rights of refugees, which includes the legal documents of international human rights law, special International Convention on refugee protection, legal documents, three aspects of International Regional Convention. The international human rights law is the main file the United Nations Charter refers to < >, < > < the Universal Declaration of human rights, International Covenant on Civil and political rights "and" economic, social and cultural rights convention > four parts; a special international convention mainly refers to < off On the status of refugees Convention "and" protocol > International Convention on Refugees; regional lists third parts of Africa "on the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa and Latin America Convention > < Cartagena declaration. This is the key part of this paper. The first part points out the shortcomings of the international refugee protection system at present, mainly includes four aspects. First, the definition is too narrow for Refugees UNHCR on humanitarian relief activities implemented because of the lack of legal basis, and can not get the support of the national sovereignty. In second, the international refugee protection related treaty is lack of specific procedural requirements, not conducive to safeguarding the basic rights of refugees. Third, the influence is limited which makes the refugee agency UNHCR is difficult to mobilize social forces to participate in the international protection of refugees, not good A permanent solution in the smooth development of the work of UNHCR and the world refugee problem. In fourth, the International Refugee Rights are violated easily. After this part from five aspects put forward the suggestions to solve these problems, including expanding the scope of the definition of refugee, refugee protection system set up be arranged, making a perfect procedure of refugee protection, the establishment of national refugee protection accountability mechanism, will the protection of refugees into the international human rights protection system. The fourth part of the article by the reflection of the international refugee protection system to discuss the question of our country's existing refugee protection. Firstly introduced the general situation of the concrete practice of our country to protect refugees, lists the Indochinese refugees in China, Burma Kokang refugees seeking asylum. At present our country. Then to protect refugees in domestic legislation practice were introduced, and China in the international treaty framework on international refugee The right of entry, residence, protection of rights such as the right to freedom of action was discussed. The last part points out that there is still a blank of domestic law China refugee protection practice, refugee screening system defects, there is no clear standard for the treatment of refugees three major problems. The fifth part is mainly about some the proposed measures aiming at the problems of the protection of refugees in China, mainly including five aspects. To establish special "refugee law >, provide an effective basis for practical work, seek practical protection Chinese international refugee asylum; formulate basic requirements of refugee standards, refugees is defined as the main basis and criteria for refugee status that is the problem of refugee law must be clear; to develop reasonable and effective screening procedures, only to establish a clear and reasonable screening procedures prescribed by law in refugee refugee The criteria for identification and the treatment of refugee treatment can be effectively observed and implemented, and the standards for the treatment of refugees are improved and international cooperation is strengthened.

【學位授予單位】：廣西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D998.2;D920.4

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