本文選題：碳關(guān)稅　切入點(diǎn)：溫室氣體減排　出處：《上海社會(huì)科學(xué)院》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：環(huán)境污染是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展帶來的負(fù)面效應(yīng),為了解決環(huán)境問題,平衡國內(nèi)外產(chǎn)品成本差異,彌補(bǔ)競爭力,防止碳泄漏等原因,美國和歐盟等發(fā)達(dá)國家主張征收碳關(guān)稅并正在立法嘗試過程中。本文第一章“WTO體制下碳關(guān)稅的相關(guān)規(guī)定”中介紹了碳關(guān)稅的產(chǎn)生背景,分析了排放交易制度與碳關(guān)稅的關(guān)系,并由此得出碳關(guān)稅實(shí)際上是一種邊境調(diào)整方式,分析了WTO對(duì)邊境調(diào)整的具體規(guī)定,最后提出碳關(guān)稅的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 在介紹了碳關(guān)稅的主要概況之后,本文在第二章“美國碳關(guān)稅相關(guān)立法”中闡述了美國的主要立法。美國雖然沒有建立排放交易制度,但是歷史上已經(jīng)多次進(jìn)行立法,主要包括《氣候管理法》、《氣候安全法》和《清潔能源與安全法》,尤其是后兩部法律,都有對(duì)其他國家進(jìn)口到美國產(chǎn)品要求購買排放許可的制度,也就是所謂的碳關(guān)稅。雖然目前立法還在審議過程中,但是這些條款引起各國政府和學(xué)者的關(guān)注。法案中關(guān)于本國產(chǎn)品和外國產(chǎn)品的差別待遇也是具有爭議的部分,可能與世界貿(mào)易組織(WTO)相關(guān)法律不符。 在介紹歐盟和美國法案的基礎(chǔ)上,本文在第三章“美國碳關(guān)稅立法與WTO規(guī)則相符性研究”中首先講述了WTO關(guān)注環(huán)境與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的歷程以及WTO框架內(nèi)關(guān)于環(huán)境變化的相關(guān)工作,尤其在《貿(mào)易與氣候變化》報(bào)告中介紹了邊境調(diào)整方式對(duì)WTO的影響。在第二節(jié)中主要分析了美國的排放許可制度與WTO具體規(guī)則之間的關(guān)系,最終得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為法案中的“國際保留排放許可制度”違反WTO國民待遇原則等條款,并無法得到GATT第20條一般例外的豁免,違背了根據(jù)WTO規(guī)則應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的義務(wù),構(gòu)成對(duì)貿(mào)易的阻礙。 在最后,本文介紹了碳關(guān)稅對(duì)世界的挑戰(zhàn),它具有強(qiáng)烈的單邊主義色彩和貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義傾向,不利于世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,與《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》及《京都議定書》中確立的“共同但有區(qū)別的責(zé)任”原則不相符,并可能引發(fā)發(fā)達(dá)國家與發(fā)展中國家對(duì)技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)等一系列問題的爭論。因此,國際社會(huì)應(yīng)當(dāng)秉承包容與合作的原則,達(dá)成減少溫室氣體排放的國際條約,制定與WTO相符的環(huán)境與貿(mào)易政策。對(duì)于中國來說,碳關(guān)稅既是機(jī)遇也是挑戰(zhàn),應(yīng)當(dāng)利用世界環(huán)保浪潮,積極參與國際合作,維護(hù)本國利益,鼓勵(lì)清潔技術(shù)和能源的開發(fā)與利用,建設(shè)環(huán)境友好型社會(huì),積極應(yīng)對(duì)可能產(chǎn)生的政治與經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。
[Abstract]:Environmental pollution is a negative effect brought by economic development. In order to solve environmental problems, balance the cost difference between domestic and foreign products, make up for competitiveness and prevent carbon leakage, etc. The United States and the European Union and other developed countries advocate the imposition of carbon tariffs and are in the process of trying to legislate. The first chapter of this paper, "carbon tariffs under the WTO system," introduces the background of carbon tariffs, and analyzes the relationship between emissions trading system and carbon tariffs. From this, it is concluded that carbon tariff is actually a way of border adjustment, and the specific regulation of border adjustment by WTO is analyzed. Finally, the practical significance of carbon tariff is put forward. After introducing the main general situation of carbon tariff, this paper expounds the main legislation of the United States in Chapter 2, "American carbon tariff related legislation". Although the United States has not established an emissions trading system, it has legislated many times in its history. They mainly include the Climate Management Act, the Climate Safety Act, and the Clean Energy and Safety Act, especially the latter two laws, which all require the purchase of emission permits for products imported into the United States from other countries. The so-called carbon tariff. Although legislation is still under consideration, these provisions are of concern to governments and scholars. The difference between domestic and foreign products is also a controversial part of the bill. It may not be in accordance with the relevant laws of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Based on the introduction of the European Union and the United States Act, in the third chapter, "the study on the conformity of American carbon tariff legislation and WTO rules", this paper first describes the course of WTO's concern about the environment and economic development, and the related work on environmental change within the framework of WTO. In particular, in the Trade and Climate change report, the impact of the border adjustment approach on WTO is described. In section II, the relationship between the United States emission permit system and the specific rules of the WTO is analyzed. Finally, it is concluded that the "international reserve emission permit system" in the bill violates provisions such as the WTO principle of national treatment, and does not receive the general exception of the exemption from article 20 of the GATT, which violates its obligations under the WTO rules. Constitute an obstacle to trade. Finally, this paper introduces the challenge of carbon tariff to the world, which has strong unilateralism and trade protectionism, which is not conducive to the development of the world economy. Incompatible with the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" established in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change and the Kyoto Protocol, And may trigger a debate between developed and developing countries on a range of issues, such as technical barriers to trade and intellectual property rights. Therefore, the international community should adhere to the principles of inclusiveness and cooperation to conclude an international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Making environmental and trade policies consistent with WTO. For China, carbon tariff is both an opportunity and a challenge. We should take advantage of the wave of environmental protection in the world, actively participate in international cooperation, safeguard our national interests, and encourage the development and utilization of clean technologies and energy. Build an environment-friendly society and actively deal with possible political and economic problems.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海社會(huì)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D996

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