本文關(guān)鍵詞： 領(lǐng)海制度 《1982年公約》 《2001年公約》　出處：《華東政法大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：起初,人類認(rèn)為海洋是共有之物。地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)后,海洋強(qiáng)國(guó)開(kāi)始分割海洋,由此引發(fā)了海洋自由論和閉海論的爭(zhēng)論。隨著歐洲國(guó)家主權(quán)意識(shí)的覺(jué)醒,海洋強(qiáng)國(guó)主張對(duì)近海區(qū)域進(jìn)行國(guó)家控制。19世紀(jì),大部分沿海國(guó)建立起領(lǐng)海制度,領(lǐng)海制度逐漸成為國(guó)際習(xí)慣法。國(guó)際社會(huì)在1930年召開(kāi)了國(guó)際法編纂會(huì)議,聯(lián)合國(guó)主持召開(kāi)了三次海洋法會(huì)議。其中,1982年通過(guò)的《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《1982年公約》)全面解決了領(lǐng)海制度的問(wèn)題。領(lǐng)海制度的實(shí)踐與國(guó)際法確認(rèn),是沿海國(guó)海洋權(quán)利擴(kuò)大的第一步。《1982年公約》還賦予了沿海國(guó)對(duì)毗連區(qū)、專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架的有關(guān)權(quán)利。1945年的杜魯門(mén)公告、廣大發(fā)展中國(guó)家的海洋實(shí)踐以及《1982年公約》的國(guó)際法確認(rèn),是沿海國(guó)海洋權(quán)利擴(kuò)大的第二步,即確立和擴(kuò)大它們?cè)陬I(lǐng)海外特定海域的權(quán)利。在《2001年保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)公約》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《2001年公約》)中,沿海國(guó)獲得在領(lǐng)海外特定海域的水下文化遺產(chǎn)(Underwater Cultural Heritage,以下簡(jiǎn)稱UCH)保護(hù)方面的優(yōu)先權(quán)。這是沿海國(guó)海洋權(quán)利的進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。 沿海國(guó)的海洋權(quán)利擴(kuò)大是歷史發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì),實(shí)質(zhì)上反映了兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。一是體現(xiàn)海洋資源有限性和人類發(fā)展無(wú)限性之間的矛盾沖突;二是體現(xiàn)國(guó)際海洋法秩序由舊向新的演變。 中國(guó)是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家,是瀕臨太平洋的沿海國(guó),但它和鄰國(guó)以及其他沿海國(guó)家比較,在海洋策略和海洋實(shí)踐方面,面臨的形勢(shì)都比較嚴(yán)峻。在沿海國(guó)海洋權(quán)利不斷強(qiáng)化的當(dāng)代社會(huì),中國(guó)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)海洋應(yīng)對(duì)策略,完善海洋立法。 在論證方法上,本文主要采用歸納論證法,按時(shí)間順序概括了國(guó)際社會(huì)在不同時(shí)期的海洋實(shí)踐和海洋立法,從而得出沿海國(guó)海洋權(quán)利不斷擴(kuò)大的結(jié)論。 在體例安排上,本文共由四部分組成。第一章介紹了領(lǐng)海制度如何成為國(guó)際習(xí)慣法以及它在國(guó)際條約法層面的最終確立情況。第二章分析了《1982年公約》的制定背景,而后具體說(shuō)明沿海國(guó)在毗連區(qū)、專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi)和大陸架上的海洋權(quán)利擴(kuò)大的表現(xiàn)。第三章分析了《2001年公約》確立的國(guó)際合作保護(hù)模式下,沿海國(guó)的權(quán)利擴(kuò)大表現(xiàn)。第四章先是對(duì)沿海國(guó)權(quán)利擴(kuò)大的實(shí)質(zhì)做一簡(jiǎn)要分析,后又立足中國(guó)立場(chǎng),概括了學(xué)者們?cè)谥袊?guó)的海洋對(duì)策以及海洋立法方面的一些建議。
[Abstract]:At first, man believed that the sea was a common thing. After the great discovery of geography, the great powers of the sea began to divide the sea, which led to the debate between the theory of freedom of the sea and the theory of closing the sea, and with the awakening of the consciousness of national sovereignty in Europe, In the 19th century, most coastal States established the regime of territorial sea, and the regime of territorial sea gradually became customary international law. In 1930, the international community convened a conference on the codification of international law. The United Nations convened three conferences on the law of the sea under the auspices of the United Nations. Among them, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter referred to as the Convention of 1982), adopted on 1982, comprehensively resolved the problem of the regime of the territorial sea. The Convention of 1982 also gives coastal States relevant rights over the contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. The Truman Proclamation of 1945, The maritime practice of developing States in general and the international law of the Convention of 1982 recognize as the second step towards the expansion of the maritime rights of coastal States, In the Convention for the Protection of the underwater Cultural Heritage of 2001 (hereinafter referred to as the Convention of 2001), Coastal States are given priority in the protection of the underwater Cultural heritage of certain offshore waters. This is a further expansion of the maritime rights of coastal States. The expansion of maritime rights of coastal countries is an inevitable trend of historical development, which reflects two problems in essence: one is to reflect the contradiction and conflict between the limitation of marine resources and the infinity of human development; The second is to reflect the international order of the law of the sea from the old to the new evolution. China is the largest developing country in the world and a coastal country bordering the Pacific Ocean, but compared with its neighbours and other coastal countries, it is in terms of ocean strategy and practice. In the contemporary society in which the maritime rights of coastal countries are constantly strengthened, China should strengthen the marine coping strategies and improve maritime legislation. In the argumentation method, this paper mainly adopts the inductive argumentation method, summarizes the marine practice and the marine legislation of the international community in different periods according to the time sequence, thus draws the conclusion that the maritime rights of the coastal States are expanding constantly. The first chapter introduces how the system of territorial sea becomes international customary law and its final establishment in the aspect of international treaty law. The second chapter analyzes the background of the Convention of 1982. Then it specifies the manifestations of the expansion of maritime rights of coastal States in the contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. Chapter III analyzes the model of protection of international cooperation established by the Convention of 2001, Chapter 4th makes a brief analysis of the essence of the expansion of the rights of coastal states, and then summarizes the suggestions of scholars on China's maritime countermeasures and marine legislation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D993.5

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