本文關(guān)鍵詞： “保護(hù)的責(zé)任” 人道主義干預(yù) 聯(lián)合國(guó) 國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范 規(guī)范建構(gòu)　出處：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,地區(qū)動(dòng)蕩和國(guó)內(nèi)沖突持續(xù)不斷,如索馬里、盧旺達(dá)、科索沃、蘇丹達(dá)爾富爾、利比亞、敘利亞等國(guó)家和地區(qū)所發(fā)生的大規(guī)模、系統(tǒng)性的人道主義危機(jī),考驗(yàn)著人類(lèi)社會(huì)的良知。這些人道主義危機(jī)不僅給地區(qū)和平與穩(wěn)定帶來(lái)了威脅,而且對(duì)當(dāng)前的國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)提出了新的挑戰(zhàn)。值得關(guān)注的是,國(guó)際社會(huì)以“人權(quán)保護(hù)”為由對(duì)沖突國(guó)進(jìn)行干預(yù)成為國(guó)際政治中的常見(jiàn)現(xiàn)象。在此背景下,以“人權(quán)高于主權(quán)”為口號(hào)的人道主義干預(yù)在西方國(guó)家的推動(dòng)下從理論走向了實(shí)踐,但人道主義干預(yù)始終未成為國(guó)際社會(huì)所普遍認(rèn)可的人權(quán)保護(hù)理念。相反,人道主義干預(yù)的盛行使國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)呈現(xiàn)出異化趨勢(shì),遭到國(guó)際社會(huì)的廣泛質(zhì)疑與批評(píng)。隨著人權(quán)保護(hù)國(guó)際化進(jìn)程的不斷加深,“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”規(guī)范開(kāi)始取代人道主義干預(yù)成為國(guó)際社會(huì)開(kāi)展國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)行動(dòng)的一條規(guī)范路徑,并開(kāi)始得到國(guó)際社會(huì)的認(rèn)可與支持,推動(dòng)了國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)的規(guī)范化與法制化進(jìn)程。本文以國(guó)際規(guī)范變遷與國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范建構(gòu)為分析框架,論證了主權(quán)國(guó)家和國(guó)際社會(huì)在人權(quán)保護(hù)中承擔(dān)的責(zé)任及其行為互動(dòng)邏輯,在對(duì)人道主義干預(yù)進(jìn)行梳理和批判的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”規(guī)范的產(chǎn)生、演化進(jìn)程以及對(duì)國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范的影響進(jìn)行了深入分析,并著重探討聯(lián)合國(guó)體系下構(gòu)建具有共識(shí)的國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范的路徑、機(jī)制與前景。論文第一部分提出本研究的分析框架與規(guī)范基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)國(guó)際政治、國(guó)際法范疇內(nèi)人權(quán)保護(hù)的責(zé)任、國(guó)際規(guī)范、國(guó)際干預(yù)等基本概念進(jìn)行界定。其中,《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》所確立的人權(quán)保護(hù)的基本原則和規(guī)范構(gòu)成以下章節(jié)分析的規(guī)范基礎(chǔ)。第二章對(duì)人道主義干預(yù)中國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)的異化現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行批判性分析。闡述了人道主義干預(yù)的理論演變及其實(shí)踐爭(zhēng)議,指出當(dāng)前國(guó)際環(huán)境下人道主義干預(yù)理念的危害與人權(quán)保護(hù)責(zé)任的缺失,并分析人道主義干預(yù)對(duì)國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范發(fā)展的影響。第三章對(duì)“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”規(guī)范進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)分析。“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”作為當(dāng)今國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)規(guī)范化的一種新理念,為未來(lái)的國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)提供了一條規(guī)范路徑。本章討論了“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”概念提出的背景、內(nèi)涵以及演化的進(jìn)程,對(duì)“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”與人道主義干預(yù)進(jìn)行了區(qū)別并探討了“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”對(duì)國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范發(fā)展的影響。本章對(duì)“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”規(guī)范的分析為后面構(gòu)建具有共識(shí)的國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范提供了具體的認(rèn)知框架。第四章是對(duì)“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”的案例研究。本文選取了四個(gè)案例對(duì)國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)的責(zé)任作進(jìn)一步分析,探討“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”理念如何被聯(lián)合國(guó)、地區(qū)國(guó)際組織、大國(guó)運(yùn)用于國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)的具體實(shí)踐,從而闡釋該理念在國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)實(shí)踐中的適用范圍以及國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)這一理念的態(tài)度與立場(chǎng)。本文選取了2005年世界首腦會(huì)議后國(guó)際社會(huì)援引“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”開(kāi)展國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)的多個(gè)案例進(jìn)行比較分析,從中厘清“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”規(guī)范演化的邏輯與實(shí)踐困境。通過(guò)探討2005-2010年該概念初創(chuàng)時(shí)期人權(quán)保護(hù)實(shí)踐中對(duì)“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”的援引與爭(zhēng)議、首次以“保護(hù)的責(zé)任”為由發(fā)動(dòng)的利比亞軍事干預(yù)行動(dòng)以及目前正在持續(xù)的敘利亞危機(jī),從而解答以上問(wèn)題。第五章探討聯(lián)合國(guó)體系下國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范建構(gòu)的路徑與前景。結(jié)合案例部分,全面評(píng)估當(dāng)前聯(lián)合國(guó)體系下國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)的功能與作用,分析其面臨的困境,并對(duì)未來(lái)的國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范建構(gòu)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)分析。這部分主要從國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)的議題框定,聯(lián)合國(guó)體系下國(guó)際人權(quán)保障機(jī)制的培育和主權(quán)國(guó)家與聯(lián)合國(guó)的能力建設(shè)三項(xiàng)路徑來(lái)完善與構(gòu)建當(dāng)今的國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范。指出未來(lái)國(guó)際社會(huì)關(guān)于人權(quán)保護(hù)規(guī)范的建構(gòu)是一個(gè)雙向互動(dòng)的社會(huì)化進(jìn)程,發(fā)展中國(guó)家在未來(lái)的國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范建構(gòu)中將發(fā)揮越來(lái)越重要的作用。最后,論文開(kāi)拓性地探討了中國(guó)在國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范建構(gòu)中的作用。這部分分析了中國(guó)在國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)中的立場(chǎng)以及如何建設(shè)性參與國(guó)際熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題的解決,參與、創(chuàng)設(shè)甚至主導(dǎo)體現(xiàn)中國(guó)國(guó)家利益和價(jià)值訴求的國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范進(jìn)行了有益的探尋和解析。本文認(rèn)為,國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)的責(zé)任化與規(guī)范化已經(jīng)成為一種必然趨勢(shì),針對(duì)成果與挑戰(zhàn)并存的國(guó)際人權(quán)保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀,國(guó)際社會(huì)正在重新審視新型全球治理體系下主權(quán)和人權(quán)的關(guān)系,逐步完善以聯(lián)合國(guó)為主導(dǎo)的國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范體系,使國(guó)際人權(quán)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從規(guī)范走向現(xiàn)實(shí)與實(shí)踐,從而推動(dòng)“人人享有所有人權(quán)"美好圖景的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:After the end of the cold war, regional unrest and domestic conflicts continue, such as Somalia, Rwanda, Kosovo, Sultan, Libya, Darfur, which took place in Syria and other countries and regions of the large-scale, systematic humanitarian crisis, a test of human social conscience. The humanitarian crisis is not only a threat to peace and stability in the region, and put forward a new challenge to the international human rights protection. The current concern is that the international community to "human rights protection" on the grounds of the conflict of intervention has become a common phenomenon in international politics. Under this background, the "human rights above sovereignty" as the slogan of humanitarian intervention in promoting the practice of western countries from the theory, but humanitarian intervention has not become the concept of protection of human rights accepted by international society. On the contrary, the prevalence of humanitarian intervention of the international protection of human rights has The trend of alienation, has been widely questioned and criticized the international community. With the process of internationalization of human rights protection and the deepening of "responsibility to protect" began to replace the specification of humanitarian intervention has become a standard path of international society to carry out international human rights protection act, and began to gain approval and support of the international community, and promote the process of legal system the international protection of human rights norms. Based on international standards and norms of international human rights construction changes as the analytical framework, responsibility and behavior logic demonstrates the sovereignty of countries and the international community for the protection of human rights in the interaction, and criticism on the basis of humanitarian intervention, the "responsibility to protect" norms, evolution the process and analyzes the influence of international human rights norms, and focuses on the construction of international human rights norms with the United Nations system under the agreement Size, mechanism and prospects. The first part of the thesis puts forward the research framework and standard basis. For international politics, responsibility, protection of human rights in international law within the scope of the international standard, defines the basic concept of international intervention. Among them, "the basic principles and norms of the protection of human rights established by the Charter of the United Nations" constitute the normative basis for the following analysis of the chapters. The second chapter makes a critical analysis of alienation of international human rights protection of humanitarian intervention. Describes the evolution of the theory of humanitarian intervention and its practice of dispute, pointed out that under the current international environment of humanitarian intervention idea the harm of lack of responsibility and the protection of human rights, humanitarian intervention and analysis of influence on the development of international human rights norms the third chapter focuses on the analysis of responsibility. "" protection norms. "A new concept of" responsibility to protect international human rights protection as the standard, to Provide a standardized path of international protection of human rights in the future. This chapter discusses the concept of "responsibility to protect" the background, connotation and evolution process of "responsibility to protect" and make the distinction between humanitarian intervention and discusses the influence of "responsibility to protect" on the development of international human rights norms. The analysis of this chapter the "responsibility to protect" specification provides a cognitive framework for the following concrete construction has the consensus of the international human rights norms. The fourth chapter is the case study of "responsibility to protect". This paper selects four cases on the international protection of human rights responsibility for further analysis, to explore the "responsibility to protect" concept to the United Nations area, international organizations, the concrete practice of power applied to the international human rights protection, and interpretation of the scope of application of the concept in the practice of international human rights protection and the international community on the concept of state The degree and position. A number of cases this paper selected the 2005 World Summit after the international community quoted the "responsibility to protect" to carry out the international protection of human rights for comparative analysis, to clarify the logic and practice of the plight of the responsibility to protect "standard evolution from. Through the discussion of 2005-2010 years the concept of" responsibility to protect "protection of human rights in the initial period of citing and controversy, for the first time in the" responsibility to protect "by Libya's military intervention launched and the ongoing crisis in Syria, in order to answer the above problems. The fifth chapter discusses the path and Prospect of construction of international human rights norms under the UN system. Combined with the case, a comprehensive assessment of the UN system under international human rights the protection function and effect analysis of the difficulties and the future of international human rights norms are analyzed. This part mainly from the international The protection of human rights issues framed the ability to foster the construction of international human rights protection mechanism of the United Nations system and sovereign state and the United Nations three paths to perfect and construct the international norms of human rights. It is pointed out that the future of international society construction on the protection of human rights norms is a two-way interactive process of socialization, the developing countries in the future international human rights norms will play an increasingly important role. Finally, the paper discusses the China pioneering role in the construction of international human rights norms. This part analyzes the China position in international human rights protection and to solve, how to constructive participation in international hot issues involved in the creation, even leading Chinese reflected national interests and value demands the international human rights norms are beneficial to explore and analysis. This paper believes that the international protection of human rights responsibility and standardization has become a The inevitable trend, according to the status of the international human rights protection achievements and challenges, the international community is to re-examine the relationship between the new global governance system under the sovereignty and human rights, and gradually improve the international norms of human rights by the United Nations system dominated by the international human rights standards to the reality and practice from the standard, so as to promote "all human rights for all" beautiful picture to achieve.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D998.2

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