本文關(guān)鍵詞： 雇傭軍 私營軍事安保公司 國際人道法 直接參加敵對行動 蒙特勒文件　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2011年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：雇傭軍是一個非常古老的職業(yè),在人類歷史的大部分階段,可以說是哪里有戰(zhàn)爭和武裝沖突,哪里就有雇傭軍。民族國家出現(xiàn)和普及后,雇傭軍漸漸退出了歷史舞臺,直到20世紀(jì)中后期殖民地爭取民族獨立運動時死灰復(fù)燃,隨后國際社會通過長期努力在國際法上明確禁止招募和使用雇傭軍,但雇傭軍并沒有徹底消失,而是根據(jù)時代的發(fā)展開始了自身的演化,從以往的個體或松散的團(tuán)體發(fā)展成組織結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密的私營軍事安保公司。雖然20世紀(jì)40年代就已出現(xiàn),但直到21世紀(jì)初的阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭和伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭,私營軍事安保公司才引起國際社會的強烈關(guān)注——其對國際法的違反、對主權(quán)的侵蝕、對國際秩序的影響、事實上具有免責(zé)權(quán)等,都要求國際社會認(rèn)真研究并考慮如何應(yīng)對,而中國由于特殊的國情和實際情況,更應(yīng)該對私營軍事安保公司有全面而深刻的認(rèn)識并做好相應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備。 文章分為八個部分。 緒論闡述了研究私營軍事安保公司的必要性、國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀和研究方法。 第一章概述了私營軍事安保公司出現(xiàn)之前的雇傭軍,根據(jù)歷史發(fā)展分為古希臘時代到12世紀(jì)、12世紀(jì)到17世紀(jì)、18世紀(jì)至今三個階段；考察了關(guān)于雇傭軍的國際法,分為普遍國際法和區(qū)域國際法兩個部分。普遍國際法包括聯(lián)合國大會和安理會有關(guān)決議、日內(nèi)瓦四公約《第一附加議定書》、《聯(lián)合國雇傭軍公約》等,區(qū)域國際法主要是指《消除非洲雇傭軍制度公約》。這些國際法律文件由于角度不當(dāng),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過高,實際效果欠佳,并不能起到禁止雇傭軍的作用。 第二章介紹了私營軍事安保公司的術(shù)語界定、興起原因和產(chǎn)業(yè)總攬,認(rèn)為沒有必要區(qū)分私營軍事公司和私營安保公司,而應(yīng)統(tǒng)一使用私營軍事安保公司這一術(shù)語。國際和國內(nèi)環(huán)境變化、戰(zhàn)爭性質(zhì)演變以及現(xiàn)實政治四方面共同作用,加速了私營軍事安保公司的發(fā)展,而且由于靈活性流動性較高、人力資源豐富廉價、客戶范圍廣數(shù)量多,私營軍事安保公司將是一個長期現(xiàn)象。 第三章分析了關(guān)于私營軍事安保公司的國內(nèi)立法,聚焦南非、美國和英國,發(fā)現(xiàn)國家普遍缺乏針對私營軍事安保公司及其人員的法律,處理相關(guān)問題時只能適用其他法律,特別是關(guān)于雇傭軍的法律。雖然從理論上來看,通過國內(nèi)法管理私營軍事安保公司可能比通過國際法管理更為有效,但由于法律本身的問題和國家缺乏意愿,國內(nèi)法管理目前效果十分有限。 第四章研究了私營軍事安保公司在國際法上的性質(zhì)問題,即私營軍事安保公司人員是否是雇傭軍、是否是平民、是否是戰(zhàn)斗員,認(rèn)為大部分情況下這些人員不是雇傭軍,而是否具有平民地位不能如紅十字國際委員會認(rèn)為的那樣一概而論,應(yīng)該逐例確定。 第五章考察了私營軍事安保公司在國際法上的實踐問題,包括私營軍事安保公司及其人員的責(zé)任問題、私營軍事安保公司參加聯(lián)合國維和行動的可行性以及關(guān)于私營軍事安保公司的國際公約草案和軟法介評。認(rèn)為私營軍事安保公司及其人員的責(zé)任應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)與雇用國之間的關(guān)系判定,聯(lián)合國不應(yīng)使用私營軍事安保公司進(jìn)行維和,從國際法上管理私營軍事安保公司的努力應(yīng)該最終形成有關(guān)國際公約。 第六章討論了私營軍事安保公司與中國,認(rèn)為中國歷史上出現(xiàn)的鏢局可視為私營軍事安保公司的雛形之一。中國面臨的海外安全威脅亟需解決,但官方如政府和軍隊的海外救援保護(hù)行動尚未經(jīng)常化和制度化,由于法律和政治等方面的原因,中國不會出現(xiàn)私營軍事安保公司,也不大可能使用他國的私營軍事安保公司。依靠中國政府和軍隊來解決海外安全問題更合適、更現(xiàn)實,但中國必須密切關(guān)注和考慮如何應(yīng)對私營軍事安保公司,特別是其可能發(fā)展中國客戶的問題。 結(jié)論認(rèn)為相比雇傭軍,私營軍事安保公司對國家、國際社會和個人造成的威脅大得多,而國家缺乏意愿、國際社會缺乏共識只能導(dǎo)致私營軍事安保公司在混亂中鞏固自己的利益并不斷發(fā)展,這對于用法律管理私營軍事安保公司非常不利。在完全禁止并不現(xiàn)實的情況下,必須盡早通過關(guān)于私營軍事安保公司的國際公約,同時加強國內(nèi)層面上的管理。
[Abstract]:Mercenary is a very old occupation, in most of human history, can be said to be where there is war and armed conflict, there are mercenaries. National emergence and popularity, mercenaries gradually withdrew from the stage of history, until twentieth Century in the late colonial struggle for national independence movement and the international community through a stirring among the dry bones, long-term efforts the recruitment and use of mercenaries is expressly prohibited in international law, but the mercenaries did not completely disappear, but according to the development of the times began its evolution and development from the previous individual or loose groups into the private military security structure. Although the company had already appeared in 1940s, but until twenty-first Century the beginning of the war in Afghanistan and Iraq war, private military security companies to cause the attention of the international community, the violation of international law, the erosion of sovereignty. The impact of the international order, in fact have immunity, have asked the international community to seriously study and consider how to deal with, and Chinese due to the special conditions and circumstances, there should be a more comprehensive and profound understanding and make proper preparations for the private military security companies.
The article is divided into eight parts.
The introduction describes the necessity of the study of private military security companies, the current research status and research methods at home and abroad.
The first chapter gives an overview of the private military security companies before the mercenaries, according to the history of ancient Greece times to twelfth Century, Twelfth Century to seventeenth Century, eighteenth Century has three stages; examines the international law on mercenaries, divided into two parts in general international law and regional international law. International law generally includes the relevant resolutions of the UN General Assembly and the Security Council, the four Geneva Convention "the first additional protocol to the UN Convention >, < > mercenaries, regional international law mainly refers to the elimination of" African mercenaries system convention. These international legal documents due to improper angle, high standards, the actual effect is poor, and can not play the role of prohibiting mercenaries.
The second chapter introduces the private military security companies in terms of definition, the reasons for the rise and the industry overall, that there is no need to distinguish between Private Military Companies and private security companies, but the term uniform use of private military security companies. The domestic and international environment changes, the evolution of the nature of reality and interaction of war and political four aspects, accelerate the development of private military security companies but because of the high flexibility, mobility, abundant human resources and cheap, customers a wide range of the number of private military security companies will be a long-term phenomenon.
The third chapter is the analysis about the private military security companies in domestic legislation, focusing on South Africa, the United States and Britain, countries generally found in view of the lack of private military security companies and personnel laws dealing with relevant issues only applicable laws, especially of a mercenary law. Although from a theoretical point of view, the domestic law of management of private military security the company may be better than through international law management more effective, but because the law itself and lack of will, at present domestic law management effect is very limited.
The fourth chapter studies the nature of private military security companies in the international law, and whether the private military security company personnel are mercenaries, whether civilians, whether combatants, that in most cases these personnel are not mercenaries, but whether has the status of civilians cannot generalize as the International Committee of the red cross that the case by case should be determined.
The fifth chapter studies the practice of private military security companies in the international law, including the responsibility of private military security companies and personnel, the feasibility of private military security companies to participate in UN peacekeeping operations and the draft International Convention on private military security companies and soft law review. Think private military security companies and their personnel shall be responsible according to the relationship between the judge and employment in China, the United Nations should not use private military security companies for peacekeeping, from the international law on the management of private military security companies efforts should eventually lead to the formation of relevant international conventions.
The sixth chapter discusses the private military security companies and China, that appeared in the history of Chinese company can be regarded as the rudiment of private military security companies. One of the China facing overseas security threats need to solve, but overseas rescue protection action official such as the government and the army is not regular and institutionalized, due to political and legal aspects. China no private military security companies, private military security companies are unlikely to use his country. Chinese rely on the government and the army is more suitable to solve the security problem of overseas, more realistic, but Chinese must pay close attention to and consider how to deal with the private military security companies, especially the development of Chinese customer problems.
Conclusion compared to mercenaries, private military security companies in the country, much caused by the international community and personal threats, and the state of lack of will, the international community can only lead to a lack of consensus in the private military security companies to consolidate their own interests in the chaos and continuous development, the use of legal management of private military security companies in full is very unfavorable. It is not the reality of the situation, must as soon as possible through International Convention on private military security companies, and to strengthen the domestic level management.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D995

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