本文關鍵詞：從日本公司法人格否認制度的形成透視日本法律移植，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

從日本公司法人格否認制度的形成透視日本法律移植

從日本公司法人格否認制度的形成透視日本法律移植

日本,是我國一衣帶水的鄰邦,一個我們既陌生又熟悉的國度,幾千年來和我國一直有著錯綜復雜的關系。因其最近一百多年來由一個資源貧乏的落后島國一躍成為世界上最重要的發(fā)達資本主義國家,使其成為遠東乃至亞洲發(fā)展最值得研究的樣本。日本的法律也極具特色,在日本歷史上有三次重大的法律移植浪潮：公碩博在線論文網7世紀的“大化改新”、公碩博在線論文網19世紀末的“明治維新”、上世紀二次世界大戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)敗后的法律革新。這三次法律移植都使當時的日本在法律制度建設上取得了巨大的成就,對其社會發(fā)展也產生了巨大的影響。日本的法律移植作為一個成功的范例也一直是世界各國包括我國學者研究的重點對象。但是,盡管對于日本的法律移植研究很多,這些研究大多針對日本的整體法律體系或者某一門法律制度進行研究,這些理論研究往往過于寬泛；同時,由于我國現(xiàn)階段社會主義法律體系已經建立,大規(guī)模的移植整部法律的可能也已不復存在。因此,現(xiàn)階段這些現(xiàn)有的研究對于我國的法律移植在實踐當中的借鑒意 義相對有限。鑒于這種情況,作者選擇了一項具體的法律制度——日本公司法人格否認制度來進行法律移植方面的研究,從該制度的成功移植過程、成功移植的因素以及其成功移植的經驗和啟迪三個方面來剖析,將該制度在日本的形成過程作為個案淺析淺析,以期淺析淺析出其成功移植的真正理由,總結其成功移植的經驗和啟迪,以此透視日本的法律移植在其法律發(fā)展過程中起到的作用,并且借以對于我國的法律移植提出一些具體性的倡議。文章的第一部分主要是敘述日本法律移植的概況并介紹公司法人格否認制度法律移植的具體情況,日本的法律歷史從某種程度上也可以理解為日本的法律移植歷史,因為在歷史上對其產生重大影響法律革新的主要內容都是對于先進國家法律制度的學習借鑒和法律移植�！按蠡男隆敝�,日本大量移植唐朝律令制度,并且邁入了封建社會；“明治維新”后,日本以法、德為樣本,建立了近代法律體系,并且迅速成為了新型資本主義強國；二戰(zhàn)失敗后,日本則遵照英美法律再次進行法律革新,完成了其法律現(xiàn)代化過程,從戰(zhàn)敗后的廢墟中迅速調整姿態(tài),完成了經濟復蘇和跨越式發(fā)展,成為了世界第二大經濟體。公司法人格否認制度則是日本二戰(zhàn)后公司法律移植中一項十分有代表性的制度,該制度起源于英美法系的“揭開公司面紗”理論,在被日本學界引進后由于能夠有針對性的解決日本當時存在的大量濫用公司獨立人格的案件,因此受到法律實務界的熱烈歡迎,但是由于在判定具體情形上又有一些障礙,在日本法院一直受到消極對待,直到在1969年的leading case中,法院正式確立了該制度的適用,才使其真正在日本發(fā)展并形成了日本獨有的一套法律理論制度。在適用范圍上,公司法人格否認制度更近似于英美“揭開公司面紗”理論,但是又針對本國國民公私權不對等和公民避訴的近況,對于公權的訴訟不予適用。而在適用策略和技術上該制度則更近似于德國的“直索制度”。同時,由于公民善于接受調解制度和以和為本的國民思想,該制度又采用了符合本國人民道德傳統(tǒng)的“部分人格否認”理論。在兩種理論糅合的基礎上,日本獨立發(fā)展出自己的觀點,其構成要件從最開始的人格濫用,發(fā)展到人格混同作為人格濫用的從理論,直到將人格混同理論提升至與人格濫用理論成為并列可適用的要件,使得公司法人格否認制度最終成為一項適合本國需要、達到法律效果最大化的法律制度。文章第二部分運用法律移植的基本理論對公司法人格否認制度在日本發(fā)展的過程和情形進行淺析淺析,在縱向上通過對于該制度的繼承-移植-革新的各個階段進行論述,解釋法人格否認制度在日本適用的具體情形,包括人格濫用和人格混同兩種情況。同時在該制度移植的具體情形中,則通過橫向地淺析淺析政治、經濟、文化等方面對于該制度法律移植產生的影響,了解到日本戰(zhàn)敗后由于對美國的依賴和妥協(xié)致使英美判例法在日本找到了存活的土壤,并且直接導致了公司法人格否認制度在日本沒有形成成文法,而是以判例的方式繼承并延續(xù)下來。二戰(zhàn)后,日本經濟的迅速復蘇以及朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭和越南戰(zhàn)爭對于市場的大量需求,導致市場上雨后春筍般出現(xiàn)了眾多的一人公司和集團公司,大量主體的存在使得公司獨立人格濫用和混同的情形也相伴而生,這種經濟形勢客觀上促使公司法人格否認制度有了相應的針對性,得以順利的引入。而日本的文化傳統(tǒng)則使得公司法人格否認制度在日本進行了本土化,使其在理論層面依賴于“中立說”,適用范圍被限制在私法領域,對于公司法人格的認定則選取“部分人格否認”的方式,形成了日本獨具特色的公司法人格否認制度。文章的第三部分,主要是通過對于日本公司法人格否認制度成功移植的淺析淺析,來探討日本法律移植在其法律發(fā)展過程中體現(xiàn)的若干經驗以及對于我國的啟迪。其經驗主要包括,成功的法律基礎建設使法律學者成為了該制度理念引入的先驅,而眾多的律師是該制度在實踐中廣泛適用的中堅力量,各法律行業(yè)之間的溝通則是該制度最終在日本確立的關鍵。開放的法律移植思維、善于將舶來品本土化的民族性,使得該制度在移植的過程中廣泛吸取養(yǎng)分,沒有照本宣科,也沒有產生水土不服,而是成為了一種具有本國特色的法律制度。而Z公司法人格否認制度本身作為建立在市場經濟基礎上的技術立法,使得在移植的過程中具有與英美德各國同樣的適用基礎,其移植也具有天然的優(yōu)勢。我國作為一個在法律制度上的發(fā)展中大國,很多法律制度的移植也都存在一定的缺陷,因此日本公司法人格否認制度作為法律移植的成功樣本,對其進行深入研究,也可以提煉出很多值得我國借鑒的經驗。

【Abstract】 Japan is our neighbor country, which one is both strange and familiar to us; it has a complicated relationship with our country for thousands of years. In the latest 100 years, it became one of the world’s most important developed capitalist countries from a resource-poor island, as an example, it is very worth studying for us. Japan’s law is also extremely characteristic. In Japanese the history, there are three major legal transplant tides:the "Taika Era reforms" in the 7th century, "Meiji restoration" in the 19th century, and the legal reform after the World War II defeat. These three legal transplant tides have made great achievements in the development of the Japan’s society. Japan’s legal transplants as a successful example have been an important object for the world including Chinese scholars. But, although there is lots of Japan’s legal transplant research, these studies are against Japan’s overall legal system or a legal system, these theories are too broad; Meanwhile, because our country’s socialist legal system has been established, transplants a full-length law may also has ceased to exist, so these broad research for our country’s legal transplant practice meaning also is very limited. In the view of this situation, the author chose a specific law——Disregard of corporate personality to study, research its successfully transplanted process, the factors and experience, to analyze the real reason for its success, and find some Suggestions for our country’s legal transplant.The first part of the article mainly describes the general legal transplant situation in Japan, the Japanese law history can also understand as the Japan’s legal transplant history from some extent. The main content of the legal reform which significant influence in Japan’s history is transplant legal systems from advanced countries. During the "Taika Era reforms", Japan transplanted tang regulation system and ushered in feudal society; After the "Meiji restoration", Japan study Germany and French as samples, established the modern legal system, and quickly become a new capitalist power; After the failure of World War II, Japan complied with Anglo-American law and reformed again, completed its legal modernization process, Japan also adjusted the attitude rapidly, completed the economic recovery and great-leap-forward development, became the world’s second-largest economy system. Disregard of corporate personality system is one typical system of the legal transplant Japanese company law, the system originated in Anglo-American law "uncover the corporate veil" system, introduced by the Japanese scholars in due to targeted solved Japanese significant abusing independent company personality, so the case was warm welcome by lawyers, but there are some obstacles in judgment situation, so the Japanese court had been negative treated it for a long time, until 1969, the leading case establishment of this system applicable, and truly developed and formed their own legal theory system in Japan.The second part of the article using the basic theory of legal transplant to research the Disregard of corporate personality system’s development process and situation analysis, study the two situations of the Disregard of corporate personality. While in this system is analysis of political, economic, cultural and diplomatic reasons for it. Know that Japan after the defeated and had dependence and compromise by American.so the case law in Japan found survival soil. This lead to be the regard of corporate personality system in Japan became a case law. Understands Japan after World WarⅡ, Japan’s economic recovery rapidly and the Vietnam war for market in great demand, cause the market have sprung up a lot of one-man company and group company, a large number of main body exist that make independent company personality abuse the situation has consequential, this economic situation ordered Disregard of corporate personality. But Japan’s traditional culture made Disregard of corporate personality in Japan became a location system.The third part of the article is the research of the Japanese Disregard of corporate personality system’s ideas and experience, mainly including the legal scholars become pioneers to introduce this system, and numerous lawyers it the nucleus of this system’s introduction. The open legal transplant thinking ways, the Japanese are good at the reconstruction and the combination; make this system into its own characteristics. And Disregard of corporate personality system itself as a company law system is established in market economy, make it in the process of the applicable with the same basis, and the transplant also have natural advantage. Our country as a legal system major developing country, many legal system transplantations also have some shortcomings, so the success of Japanese Disregard of corporate personality also is a good sample, understand the concept of Japan, also can refine out a lot of worth some experience for our country’s reference.

【關鍵詞】 公司法； 法人格否認制度； 日本法律移植；
【Key words】 Company Law； Disregard of corporate personality； Japanese Legal transplant；

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  本文關鍵詞：從日本公司法人格否認制度的形成透視日本法律移植，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

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