發(fā)布時間：2018-03-06 04:38

  本文選題：諮議會　切入點：星座法院　出處：《湘潭大學》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：星座法院是英國歷史上頗負盛名的特權法院，它并不是由制定法所建立。在16世紀中期它呈現(xiàn)出一個獨立的司法法院特征之前，一直就是國王的諮議會。國王諮議會是諾曼和安茹國王王廷的直系后裔。在中世紀王廷逐漸分化，大部分司法職能賦予了三大普通法中央法院，諮議會逐漸成為一個諮議性、行政性的機構。但是，諮議會仍然行使著為國王所保留的“剩余司法權”。從亨利3時期開始，諮議會在人員構成上逐漸開始明確化。最初，諮議會并沒有擁有在其他法院的之外的管轄權領域，隨著普通法的僵化，諮議會和大法官才開始對超出普通法領域的案件或普通法救濟不力的案件進行管轄。諮議會所使用的訴訟程序也和普通法有所不同，最大的區(qū)別就在于不采用陪審團。隨著諮議會管轄權的擴張以及使用不同于普通法的程序，中世紀的普通法法院和議會一直對諮議會的司法權加以限制，但是從未在精確限制其界限上獲得成功。然而，有一項重要的限制得以明確，即諮議會不得處理由普通處理的自由保有問題，也不得處理可能判處死刑或者沒收自由保有地的叛逆和重罪案件，這一限制也成為日后星座法院獨立后的核心限制。 到了都鐸時期，諮議會成為新王朝恢復國家和平的重要重要手段，對此，都鐸新君充分的利用其諮議會的司法權，并以制定法對其進行明確和強化，其中最重要的是1487年法案，在1641年長期議會廢除星座法院時，主張的理由就是星座法院是由該法案所建立的。然而事實是，星座法院并非由該法案所建。 隨著諮議會司法功能的復興，諮議會逐漸分化，在16世紀中期以后，位于威斯敏斯特并主要從事司法事務的諮議會分支發(fā)展成星座法院，而跟隨國王的并主要從事行政工作的諮議會分支成為樞密院。盡管二者肩負的職責并不相同，但是從本質上看，都是整個諮議會的組成部分。在都鐸時期，星座法院對各種擾亂社會安定的犯罪進行嚴厲的打擊，其和議會以及普通法法院之間關系也較為融洽，這些都大大的幫助了都鐸社會的穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展，促進了英國由中世紀向現(xiàn)代領土國家的轉型，因而被愛德華科克譽為“基督教世界中除議會外最高貴的法院。”但是在斯圖亞特時期，當國家分化出王黨和議會黨這兩個政治派別時，星座法院就成為了最有效的特權政府工具，其從都鐸時期正義的實現(xiàn)地變成了宗教迫害和打擊政治犯的暴徒，典型的例子如普林案。最終，在1641年的長期議會走向覆滅。 星座法院的司法程序具有重要的特點——兩面性，一方面，不采用貫徹彈劾原則的普通法陪審團制，而是采用具有較強糾問色彩的大陸法法官審理模式。另一方面，星座法院常規(guī)的訴訟程序在答辯方式、審判公開、辯護自由以及允許被告獲得律師幫助等方面體現(xiàn)著普通法的因素。這個兩面性為英國普通法借鑒大陸法觀念提供了橋梁。對此，必須從歷史和比較的角度對英國普通法和歐洲大陸法，普通法和諮議會特權司法進行解讀。應當看到，星座法院程序的雙面性特征存在著內在的沖突和張力，程序規(guī)則本身缺少限制最終導致星座法院在斯圖亞特時期成為專制暴虐的工具，因而最終被普通法所戰(zhàn)勝。 星座法院的司法實踐同樣對英國相關的實體法律產(chǎn)生了影響，如在國王及其仆臣的管轄歸屬，以及對偽造、偽證、欺詐、助訟等犯罪的界定和處理方式上。 星座法院從正義的代言人到暴虐的轉變體現(xiàn)出一個法治發(fā)展的悖論，即普通的制度規(guī)則發(fā)展到一定階段達到定型化之后，，也會伴隨著自我僵化——尤其是在程序領域產(chǎn)生“作繭自縛”的效應。為了滿足外部環(huán)境提出的要求，一些能夠彌補舊制度不足的新規(guī)則便應運而生，而且新的規(guī)則往往具有較強的靈活性和較少的限制。對于環(huán)境帶來的變化，新的制度規(guī)則往往因其彈性設計而能夠更好的實現(xiàn)制度設計者的預期目標。但是，隨著新制度產(chǎn)生的條件發(fā)生改變，這樣的規(guī)則往往淪為權力濫用的工具，最終又不得不回歸常態(tài)的制度規(guī)則。
[Abstract]:The court is the sign of British history famous privilege court, it is not established by statute. Before mid sixteenth Century it showed an independent judicial court, has been the king's Council. The Council is a direct descendant of King Norman and King Wang Ting of Anjou. In medieval kingship gradually most of the judicial function differentiation, gives the three common law court of the Central Council, becoming a consultative, administrative institutions. However, the Council still exercised for the king retained the "residual jurisdiction". From the beginning of the 3 period of Henry, the Council in the staff composition gradually clear. First, the Council did not have in the other court outside the jurisdiction of the common law, with the rigid Council and justice began to go beyond the field of common law cases or common law relief cases were ineffective tube Jurisdiction. Consultative clubs use procedure and common law is different, the biggest difference lies in the jury court. With the expansion of jurisdiction and is different from the common law procedure, the medieval common law courts and parliament has been on the court jurisdiction to limit, but never in precise limit the boundaries of success. However, there is an important limitation to be clear, the Council shall be handled by the ordinary processing of freehold, nor treatment may be sentenced to death or confiscation of freehold land of treason and felony cases, this restriction has become a core limit after court constellation after independence.
In the Tudor period, the Council has become an important means of the new dynasty and restore peace in the country in this regard, the Council of the judicial power by the new king Tudor fully, and to establish the method for its clear and improved, of which the most important is the act of 1487, the Long Parliament abolished the constellation court in 1641, stands for reason is the constellation court was established by the bill. But the fact is not built by the court, sign the bill.
With the revival of the judicial function of the Council, the Council has differentiation, in mid sixteenth Century, is located in Westminster and mainly engaged in Judicial Affairs Council branch into sign and follow the king's court, and is mainly engaged in administrative work of the Council branch into the Privy Council. Although the two responsibilities are not the same, but in essence look, are part of the whole Council. During the Tudor period, the court of various constellations disrupt social stability crime severely hit, and the common law courts between the Parliament and the relationship is more harmonious, which greatly help the stability and development of the society, promote the transition from the middle ages to modern Britain the territory of the country, and praised by Edward Kirk as "the Christian world in addition to outside parliament the most noble court." but in the Stuart period, when the country divided out King party The two party and parliamentary political parties, the court has become a privileged government sign the most effective tool, its realization from Tudor justice into religious persecution and political prisoners against the mob, typical examples of Princeton case. Finally, in the Long Parliament in 1641 to cover off.
鏄熷駭娉曢櫌鐨勫徃娉曠▼搴忓叿鏈夐噸瑕佺殑鐗圭偣鈥斺

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