【摘要】： 清代是中國封建社會的最后發(fā)展階段,基于調(diào)整物權(quán)關(guān)系、穩(wěn)定社會秩序的目的,清朝政府在唐、宋、元、明物權(quán)立法的基礎上,進行了適應社會發(fā)展的物權(quán)法律建設和變革。以乾隆五年和光緒二十六年為兩個時間分界點,清代的物權(quán)法律建設,可以分為三個階段:其一是入關(guān)后的順治年間到乾隆初年,此階段為清代物權(quán)法的創(chuàng)立和發(fā)展階段,其二是乾隆五年到光緒初年,此階段為清代物權(quán)法的完善和定型階段,其三是光緒二十六年到清朝滅亡,這一階段為清代物權(quán)法的近代化變革階段。 清代物權(quán)法與近現(xiàn)代西方物權(quán)法、中華民國物權(quán)法、當代中國物權(quán)法一樣,主要調(diào)整物的所有、占有、使用、支配、收益、處分等關(guān)系,著重關(guān)注土地、房產(chǎn)、礦產(chǎn)等重要物品的歸屬和使用關(guān)系。與近現(xiàn)代西方物權(quán)法、中華民國物權(quán)法、當代中國的物權(quán)法不同的是,清代物權(quán)法既不具備“民法典·物權(quán)編”的形式,也不具備“物權(quán)法典”的形式。清代物權(quán)法的存在形式具有多樣性的特點,清代皇帝的上諭、《大清律例》、《戶部則例》、《清會典》及其《事例》,都是清代物權(quán)法律的重要載體,清代物權(quán)法在內(nèi)容上的廣博性、變革上的靈活性,是與其載體的多樣化密不可分的。尤其是《戶部則例》、皇帝上諭這兩種法律載體,為適應清代社會變遷、物權(quán)關(guān)系多變的現(xiàn)實情況,采取了靈活的立法原則和價值取向,從而保證了清代物權(quán)立法與時代同步、與現(xiàn)實接軌。 清代物權(quán)法以調(diào)整物的所有權(quán)為中心。由于“土地是最為重要的客體”,1因而土地所有權(quán)是清代物權(quán)法調(diào)整的首要問題,國家土地所有權(quán)、團體土地所有權(quán)、私人土地所有權(quán),在清代物權(quán)法中得到了嚴格的區(qū)分,三種土地所有權(quán)的產(chǎn)生、轉(zhuǎn)移、保護,在法律中都有明確的規(guī)定。為維護滿族的經(jīng)濟特權(quán),聯(lián)合蒙、回、苗、瑤等少數(shù)民族,限制人口占全國絕大多數(shù)的漢族的經(jīng)濟實力的擴大,清代物權(quán)立法嚴格限制土地產(chǎn)權(quán)由少數(shù)民族的手中轉(zhuǎn)移到漢族手中。同時為規(guī)范土地產(chǎn)權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移,清朝政府采用紅契和契尾制度來確認土地所有權(quán)。清代物權(quán)法律對房屋和許多動產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)關(guān)系也較為重視。房屋的所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移也靠紅契和契尾制度來調(diào)整。銅、鐵、鉛、銀等有色金屬是物權(quán)法律重點保護的國有動產(chǎn),食鹽由于關(guān)系國家稅收、百姓生活,也一直實行國家壟斷生產(chǎn)、掌握批發(fā)的專賣制度。其它動產(chǎn),如牛馬牲畜、糧食奴仆、瓜果蔬菜的所有權(quán)歸屬與保護,在清代物權(quán)法中都有體現(xiàn)。 典權(quán)、永佃權(quán)、質(zhì)押權(quán)和抵押權(quán),是清代物權(quán)法承認和保護的幾種有代表性的他物權(quán)。清代典權(quán)的標的物主要是土地和房產(chǎn),統(tǒng)稱田宅,在典權(quán)實踐中,未成年子女、糧食、奴仆也是典權(quán)的標的物。土地典權(quán)是典權(quán)關(guān)系最有代表性的一種,以活賣為實質(zhì)的土地出典,不僅要受到清代物權(quán)法律有關(guān)“典限”、“典價”的規(guī)制,而且還要受法律對“旗民交產(chǎn)”、“找貼次數(shù)”、“典物毀損的責任承擔”等相關(guān)規(guī)定的制約。永佃權(quán)是清代富有特色的他物權(quán)之一。發(fā)端于宋代的永佃權(quán),在清代社會中極為普遍。清代永佃權(quán)具有明顯的擴張性,永佃權(quán)人以“皮主”的身份可以與“田主”(底主)分庭抗禮,并獲得土地收益的大半。清朝政府基于穩(wěn)定傳統(tǒng)租佃關(guān)系、確保國家田賦征收的目的,利用物權(quán)立法打擊“一田兩主”的現(xiàn)象,力圖實現(xiàn)永佃權(quán)向“一田一主”的理性回歸。與借貸關(guān)系相伴生的質(zhì)押權(quán)和抵押權(quán),亦受到清代物權(quán)法的重點關(guān)注,其立法取向即是平衡質(zhì)押權(quán)人和質(zhì)押人的權(quán)利義務關(guān)系,確保質(zhì)押物的實物和價值的安全。針對抵押權(quán)在清末的大發(fā)展,清末的法律承認了以鐵路路權(quán)、關(guān)稅、土地、房產(chǎn)、鹽稅、煙酒稅為抵押物的法定效力。這樣的承認一方面是緩解清朝政府財政危機的重大舉措,但另一方面也為清朝政府喪失主權(quán)、喪失民心埋下了禍根。 清代物權(quán)法對于自物權(quán)和他物權(quán)的保護,主要有確認物權(quán)、排除妨礙、恢復原狀、返還原物、賠償損失等幾種方式,前面四種為典型的物權(quán)保護方式,賠償損失則是把典型的債權(quán)保護方式運用于物權(quán)保護。清代物權(quán)法的特征主要表現(xiàn)為重點保護國有物權(quán)和旗人物權(quán)、限制漢族與少數(shù)民族之間的物權(quán)交易、依法保護以人口為客體的物權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移;另外,鑒于封建社會中官員地位特殊、權(quán)力極大的實際情況,清代物權(quán)法還有一大特征,即是明文禁止或限制官員參與某些物權(quán)交易。
[Abstract]:The Qing Dynasty was the last stage of the development of Chinese feudal society. For the purpose of adjusting the relationship between real rights and stabilizing social order, the Qing government carried out the construction and reform of real rights law adapting to social development on the basis of the legislation of real rights in Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The construction can be divided into three stages: the first stage is from Shunzhi to the early Qianlong years, which is the founding and developing stage of the property law in Qing Dynasty; the second stage is from the five years of Qianlong to the early Guangxu Dynasty; this stage is the perfection and finalization stage of the property law in Qing Dynasty; the third stage is from the 26th year of Guangxu to the extinction of Qing Dynasty; this stage is the property law in Qing Dynasty. The stage of modernization.
The Qing Dynasty Property Law, like the modern Western Property Law, the Republic of China Property Law and the contemporary Chinese Property Law, mainly regulates the ownership, possession, use, domination, income and disposal of property, focusing on the ownership and use of land, real estate, minerals and other important items. The real right law of the Qing Dynasty is different from the real right law in that it has neither the form of "civil code and real right compilation" nor the form of "real right code". The extensiveness of the content and the flexibility of the reform of the real right law in the Qing Dynasty are closely related to the diversification of its carriers. Especially, the two legal carriers, Hubu Rules and the emperor's instructions, adopted flexible legislative principles and value orientations in order to adapt to the social changes and the changeable real right relations in the Qing Dynasty, thus guaranteeing the real right in the Qing Dynasty. Legislation is in keeping with the times and integrating with reality.
The property law of the Qing Dynasty centered on the ownership of the adjustments. As "land is the most important object", land ownership was the primary issue in the adjustment of the property law of the Qing Dynasty. State land ownership, group land ownership and private land ownership were strictly distinguished in the property law of the Qing Dynasty, and three kinds of land ownership were created. In order to safeguard the economic privileges of the Manchu people, unite with the Mongolian, Hui, Miao and Yao ethnic groups, and limit the expansion of the economic strength of the Han people, whose population accounts for the vast majority of the country, the property rights legislation of the Qing Dynasty strictly restricted the transfer of land property rights from the hands of ethnic minorities to the hands of the Han people. In the Qing Dynasty, the ownership of houses and many movable property was also emphasized in the property law. The transfer of ownership of houses was also regulated by the red deed and the tail system. It is a state tax and people's livelihood, and the state monopoly production and wholesale monopoly system has been implemented. The ownership and protection of other movable property, such as cattle and horses, grain slaves, melons, fruits and vegetables, were embodied in the property law of the Qing Dynasty.
Pawn right, permanent tenancy right, pledge right and mortgage right are several representative other real rights recognized and protected by the property law of Qing Dynasty. The subject matter of pawn right in Qing Dynasty is mainly land and real estate, collectively called land and house. In the practice of pawn right, minor children, grain and slaves are also the subject matter of pawn right. The sale of land as a real estate was not only restricted by the property law of the Qing Dynasty, but also restricted by the relevant provisions of the law, such as "the delivery of property by the flag people", "the number of searches and pastes", "the liability for damage to the property". In the Qing Dynasty, the permanent tenant right was very widespread. The permanent tenant right had obvious expansibility. The permanent tenant could resist the "landlord" (landlord) as a "leather owner" and get more than half of the land income. The pledge right and mortgage right which accompanied with the loan relationship were also the focus of the property law in Qing Dynasty. Its legislative orientation was to balance the rights and obligations between the pledgee and the pledgee, and to ensure the security of the real object and value of the pledged property. With the great development of the Qing Dynasty, the law of the late Qing Dynasty recognized the legal validity of railway rights, tariffs, land, real estate, salt tax, tobacco and alcohol tax as collateral. On the one hand, such recognition was an important measure to alleviate the Qing government's financial crisis, but on the other hand, it also laid a foundation for the Qing government to lose its sovereignty and the people's heart.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were several ways to protect the real right of oneself and others, such as confirming the real right, removing obstacles, restoring the original state, returning the restored property and compensating for the loss. The first four were typical ways to protect the real right, while the compensation for the loss was to apply the typical way to protect the creditor's rights. In addition, in view of the special status and great power of officials in the feudal society, the property law of Qing Dynasty has another feature, that is, it prohibits or restricts officials from participating in certain property transactions.
【學位授予單位】：中國政法大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D929;D923

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