法律視野下兩宋與周邊政權(quán)盟約研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-05 13:35
【摘要】： 關(guān)于古代中國的盟約,以往的研究多偏重于春秋戰(zhàn)國時期。本課題主要是從法學(xué)的角度,對10-13世紀(jì)兩宋與周邊政權(quán)遼、西夏、金之間簽訂的盟約予以解讀。從簽訂盟約的主體來看,這一時期的各個政權(quán)都享有或完整或部分締約能力,在其權(quán)力范圍內(nèi)可以簽訂盟約。至于簽訂盟約的最終決定權(quán),還是掌握在各國君主手里,一旦雙方君主認(rèn)可,即可派遣使臣進(jìn)行談判。當(dāng)然,在使臣的組成、職位、學(xué)識及能力等方面都有一定的要求,只有符合這些要求的大臣才可以通過宰輔推薦或自薦等方式,獲得皇帝的任命。使節(jié)在出使時,應(yīng)攜帶證明身份的憑證,包括國書、表、詔等。關(guān)于談判的原則與意向,也包括在這些文件中。在談判中,談判代表非常重視可以體現(xiàn)己方地位的禮儀細(xì)節(jié)。在約文的起草與議定中,也充分運(yùn)用外交技巧,以維護(hù)本國尊嚴(yán)和利益。 誓書是記載雙方盟約具體內(nèi)容的一種外交文書,在雙方使者攜帶國書往來談判多次,達(dá)成一致意見后,各方以誓書的形式將盟約內(nèi)容寫清楚,由使人送往對方國家,意味著盟約開始生效。盟約一旦生效,除了具體約定之事外,并不溯及既往。兩宋時期誓書沿用春秋盟書之樣式,包括序文、正文、誓言三部分。雙方通過向神靈、祖先宣誓的方式承諾遵守盟約,一旦背盟,甘愿接受滅族亡國的重罰。由于誓書在兩宋時期的外交中占有非常重要的地位,在起草、謄寫、紙張、印璽及存放規(guī)格等方面,都有特別的要求。 本文以宋遼之間澶淵之盟的實現(xiàn)為中心,從歲幣交納、使節(jié)往來及相關(guān)規(guī)范、榷場貿(mào)易、修繕邊城及遣送逃亡人、邊界遵守等方面,對盟約的實現(xiàn)進(jìn)行專題考察,進(jìn)而揭示盟約的執(zhí)行對締約雙方的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)及法律所產(chǎn)生的重大影響。盟約在執(zhí)行中由于情勢發(fā)生變動,會對其進(jìn)行修訂。這一時期盟約修訂的提出及修改方式也各不相同。修訂后的盟約繼續(xù)維持其效力。但是,從古至今,沒有任何一個盟約會永久生效。導(dǎo)致盟約終止的原因主要有違約行為的出現(xiàn)、新的戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生或原締約方的消滅等,盟約的終止包括盟約的暫停施行和永久終止兩種形式。 總之,各政權(quán)之間締結(jié)盟約的基礎(chǔ)是實力相當(dāng),而盟約得以長期履行的動力是利益刺激。只有在此基礎(chǔ)上,所謂的誓言和誠信才能發(fā)揮作用。一旦勢力不再均衡,通過戰(zhàn)爭或其他方式能獲得更大利益時,約束雙方守約的外在力量如神靈、祖先便顯得蒼白無力,盟約的拘束力也隨之而消解。
[Abstract]:About ancient China's covenant, the previous research is mostly focused on the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. From the angle of law, this paper interprets the covenants signed between the Song Dynasty and the neighboring regimes of Liao, Xixia and Jin in the 10-13 th century. According to the subject of signing the covenants, all regimes in this period had either complete or partial contracting capacity and could sign covenants within the scope of their powers. As for the final decision to sign the covenant, it is in the hands of the monarchs, once the monarchs agree, they can send envoys to negotiate. Of course, there are certain requirements in the composition, position, knowledge and ability of envoys. Only ministers who meet these requirements can obtain the appointment of the emperor by means of recommendation or self-recommendation. Envoys shall bring with them certificates of identity, including letters of state, tables, edict, etc. The principles and intentions of the negotiations are also included in these documents. In the negotiation, the negotiator attaches great importance to the etiquette details which can reflect their position. Diplomatic skills are also fully used in the drafting and negotiation of the treaty to preserve the dignity and interests of the country. An affidavit is a kind of diplomatic instrument that records the specific contents of the two sides' covenants. After the Messengers of the two sides have carried letters of state to each other for many times to negotiate and reach an agreement, the parties clearly write down the contents of the covenants in the form of affidavits, and send people to the other country by sending people to the other country. It means that the covenant will enter into force. Once the Covenant enters into force, it shall not be retroactive except in matters specifically agreed upon. In the Song Dynasty, the vows followed the style of the Spring and Autumn Union, including the preface, the text and the oath. By swearing to the gods and ancestors, the two sides promised to abide by the covenant, and were willing to accept heavy punishment for the subjugation of the nation. Due to the very important position of affidavit in the diplomacy of Song Dynasty, there are special requirements in drafting, transcribing, paper, seal and storage specifications. This paper focuses on the realization of "Chanyuan League" between Song and Liao dynasties, and makes a special investigation on the realization of the Covenant from the aspects of annual currency payment, diplomatic exchanges and related norms, trade in the field, repair of border towns and deportation of fugitive persons, border observance, etc. Furthermore, it reveals the great influence of the implementation of the Covenant on the politics, economy and law of the contracting parties. The Covenant will be amended as a result of changes in circumstances in its implementation. During this period, the amendment of the Covenant was proposed and amended in different ways. The revised covenant continues to be in force. But no covenant has ever been in force since ancient times. The main reasons leading to the termination of the Covenant are the occurrence of breach of contract, the occurrence of a new war or the elimination of the original contracting party, etc. The termination of the Covenant includes the suspension of the operation of the Covenant and the permanent termination of the Covenant. In short, alliances between regimes are based on equal power, and long-term performance of the covenants is motivated by incentives of interest. Only on this basis, the so-called oath and integrity can play a role. Once the forces are no longer balanced and greater benefits can be obtained through war or other means, the external forces that bind the parties to the covenant, such as the gods, appear powerless and the binding power of the covenant is dispelled.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D929;K244
本文編號：2224428
[Abstract]:About ancient China's covenant, the previous research is mostly focused on the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. From the angle of law, this paper interprets the covenants signed between the Song Dynasty and the neighboring regimes of Liao, Xixia and Jin in the 10-13 th century. According to the subject of signing the covenants, all regimes in this period had either complete or partial contracting capacity and could sign covenants within the scope of their powers. As for the final decision to sign the covenant, it is in the hands of the monarchs, once the monarchs agree, they can send envoys to negotiate. Of course, there are certain requirements in the composition, position, knowledge and ability of envoys. Only ministers who meet these requirements can obtain the appointment of the emperor by means of recommendation or self-recommendation. Envoys shall bring with them certificates of identity, including letters of state, tables, edict, etc. The principles and intentions of the negotiations are also included in these documents. In the negotiation, the negotiator attaches great importance to the etiquette details which can reflect their position. Diplomatic skills are also fully used in the drafting and negotiation of the treaty to preserve the dignity and interests of the country. An affidavit is a kind of diplomatic instrument that records the specific contents of the two sides' covenants. After the Messengers of the two sides have carried letters of state to each other for many times to negotiate and reach an agreement, the parties clearly write down the contents of the covenants in the form of affidavits, and send people to the other country by sending people to the other country. It means that the covenant will enter into force. Once the Covenant enters into force, it shall not be retroactive except in matters specifically agreed upon. In the Song Dynasty, the vows followed the style of the Spring and Autumn Union, including the preface, the text and the oath. By swearing to the gods and ancestors, the two sides promised to abide by the covenant, and were willing to accept heavy punishment for the subjugation of the nation. Due to the very important position of affidavit in the diplomacy of Song Dynasty, there are special requirements in drafting, transcribing, paper, seal and storage specifications. This paper focuses on the realization of "Chanyuan League" between Song and Liao dynasties, and makes a special investigation on the realization of the Covenant from the aspects of annual currency payment, diplomatic exchanges and related norms, trade in the field, repair of border towns and deportation of fugitive persons, border observance, etc. Furthermore, it reveals the great influence of the implementation of the Covenant on the politics, economy and law of the contracting parties. The Covenant will be amended as a result of changes in circumstances in its implementation. During this period, the amendment of the Covenant was proposed and amended in different ways. The revised covenant continues to be in force. But no covenant has ever been in force since ancient times. The main reasons leading to the termination of the Covenant are the occurrence of breach of contract, the occurrence of a new war or the elimination of the original contracting party, etc. The termination of the Covenant includes the suspension of the operation of the Covenant and the permanent termination of the Covenant. In short, alliances between regimes are based on equal power, and long-term performance of the covenants is motivated by incentives of interest. Only on this basis, the so-called oath and integrity can play a role. Once the forces are no longer balanced and greater benefits can be obtained through war or other means, the external forces that bind the parties to the covenant, such as the gods, appear powerless and the binding power of the covenant is dispelled.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D929;K244
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