【摘要】： 法國(guó)是近代民主的發(fā)祥地。18世紀(jì),在聲勢(shì)浩大的啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)中涌現(xiàn)出一大批反封建專(zhuān)制的思想家,新興的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)在推翻舊制的同時(shí)喊出“天賦人權(quán)”口號(hào)。盧梭的人民主權(quán)原則,孟德斯鳩的三權(quán)分立制衡理論及法治原則成為后來(lái)歷個(gè)共和國(guó)構(gòu)建政體的理論基礎(chǔ)。法國(guó)人從不缺乏民主的理想與激情,在各個(gè)時(shí)期各種思潮不斷涌現(xiàn)。早在大革命時(shí)代,作為現(xiàn)代政黨雛形、代表各種思潮的政治派別便有細(xì)化零散的特征,并表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的對(duì)抗性。在形成政黨的條件成熟后,政黨制度便表現(xiàn)出黨派林立、斗爭(zhēng)激烈、分裂組合頻繁等特點(diǎn)。對(duì)民主的狂熱追求在政體的發(fā)展中則表現(xiàn)為議會(huì)至上局面的形成,從而忽視了權(quán)力的分離與制衡。此外,封建晚期的專(zhuān)制君主制對(duì)法國(guó)人的影響亦根深蒂固,依賴(lài)強(qiáng)者的政治傳統(tǒng)與追求絕對(duì)民主的浪漫理想結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致法蘭西的政體在共和與專(zhuān)制之間不斷循環(huán)往復(fù)。 直到1875年,第三共和國(guó)成立,議會(huì)制共和政體才被穩(wěn)定下來(lái)。由于議會(huì)內(nèi)部政黨結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,難以構(gòu)成相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的多數(shù)派,因此內(nèi)閣的穩(wěn)定與行政的有力無(wú)法保障。1940年德法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中法國(guó)潰敗,貝當(dāng)上臺(tái)并建立維�？苷䴔�(quán),第三共和國(guó)壽終正寢。二戰(zhàn)后,第四共和國(guó)成立。在制憲時(shí)期,戴高樂(lè)主張權(quán)力制衡,構(gòu)建一種全新的共和政體——設(shè)立擁有實(shí)權(quán)的總統(tǒng)、加強(qiáng)內(nèi)閣職權(quán)。但不為傳統(tǒng)黨派人士所采納,新憲法對(duì)立法和行政權(quán)地位的調(diào)整朝著與戴高樂(lè)意愿相反的方向發(fā)展。法蘭西第四共和國(guó)憲法可視為法國(guó)人對(duì)民主狂熱追求的終極體現(xiàn)。在中央各機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)置中,國(guó)民議會(huì)被提到前所未有的高度,政府淪為其附屬物,總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力更是被進(jìn)一步架空。由于政黨多元零散的狀況沒(méi)有得到改變,加上立法選舉采取比例代表制的原因,議會(huì)內(nèi)部黨派結(jié)構(gòu)較之前更為復(fù)雜。因此,形成穩(wěn)定多數(shù)派的難度也加大了,行政機(jī)構(gòu)的更迭更加頻繁,政策也更加軟弱無(wú)力。目睹多黨機(jī)制再度過(guò)度運(yùn)作,戴高樂(lè)黯然離開(kāi)政壇。第四共和國(guó)憲法確立的政體僅運(yùn)行了12年。1958年,在面對(duì)阿爾及利亞危機(jī)時(shí)此政體依舊沒(méi)能克服其行政軟弱,議會(huì)渙散的弊端。依賴(lài)強(qiáng)者的政治傳統(tǒng)再次發(fā)揮作用,戴高樂(lè)在危急關(guān)頭被推舉為總理,并由國(guó)會(huì)賦予其制憲權(quán)。新憲法確立了倚重行政的機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置,戴高樂(lè)在闊別政壇12年后終得依照自己的意愿重構(gòu)共和政體。第五共和國(guó)憲法確立了擁有相當(dāng)實(shí)權(quán)的總統(tǒng)、脫離議會(huì)產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)閣及被規(guī)范化的議會(huì)。此外,戴高樂(lè)還變更了選舉制度。法國(guó)依靠新憲法確立的政治體制,順利解決了阿爾及利亞問(wèn)題,克服了議會(huì)內(nèi)部黨派繁多渙散的弊病,行政機(jī)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定和高效也得以彰顯。該政體至今已運(yùn)行50年有余,其間經(jīng)歷了3次左右共治的挑戰(zhàn),顯示出較強(qiáng)的生命力。 本文擬探究1958年憲政改革對(duì)法國(guó)當(dāng)代政治的影響,限于篇幅,僅探討中央權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)角色的轉(zhuǎn)變。全文主體分為三部分:在第一部分闡述第五共和國(guó)憲政改革的背景,主要分析第四共和國(guó)政治體制的缺陷,并闡述此政體如何在危機(jī)關(guān)頭運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)失靈;第二部分闡述憲政改革的主要內(nèi)容,包括戴高樂(lè)的憲政主張、第五共和國(guó)憲法的原始規(guī)定。意圖說(shuō)明制憲者欲以何種手段克服舊體制的弊端,凸現(xiàn)憲政改革的思路;第三部分則對(duì)憲政改革在現(xiàn)實(shí)中產(chǎn)生的影響作分析,主要涉及各機(jī)構(gòu)在現(xiàn)實(shí)中的地位,憲法條文在現(xiàn)實(shí)中是如何被具體實(shí)施的。比較各機(jī)構(gòu)在實(shí)踐中的地位與憲法中原始定位的異同,部分憲法條文如何被發(fā)揮或失去意義。在結(jié)論處,筆者將點(diǎn)明在政治優(yōu)化的過(guò)程中憲法起到了多大的作用,并將第五共和國(guó)政治制度得以維持的制度性因素與非制度性因素加以總結(jié)。
[Abstract]:France is the birthplace of modern democracy. In the 18th century, a large number of anti-feudal autocratic thinkers emerged in the great Enlightenment Movement. The emerging bourgeoisie shouted the slogan of "natural human rights" while overthrowing the old system. Rousseau's principle of human rights, Montesquieu's theory of separation of powers and checks and balances and the principle of the rule of law became successive. As early as the Great Revolution, as the embryonic form of a modern political party, the political factions representing various ideological trends had detailed and scattered characteristics and showed strong antagonism. After the conditions for forming a political party were ripe, politics emerged. The party system was characterized by numerous parties, fierce struggles and frequent splitting and combination. The zealous pursuit of democracy in the development of the political system was manifested in the formation of parliamentary supremacy, thus neglecting the separation and balance of power. In addition, the influence of the late feudal autocratic monarchy on the French was also deeply rooted, relying on the political transmission of the powerful. The combination of unification and the romantic ideal of pursuing absolute democracy led to the reciprocation of the French regime between republicanism and autocracy.
The parliamentary republic was not stabilized until 1875, when the Third Republic was founded. The stability and administration of the Cabinet could not be guaranteed because of the complexity of the party structure within the Parliament, which made it difficult to form a relatively stable majority. After the Second World War, the Fourth Republic was founded. During the constitutional period, de Gaulle advocated checks and balances of power and constructed a New Republic - a president with real power and a cabinet with more power. The Constitution of the Fourth Republic of France can be regarded as the ultimate embodiment of the French zeal for democracy. In the establishment of the central institutions, the National Assembly has been raised to an unprecedented height, the government has become a subsidiary, and the power of the President has been further overwhelmed. The reason for the proportional representation system is that the party structure in Parliament is more complex than before. As a result, it is more difficult to form a stable majority, more frequent changes in executive bodies, and weaker policies. In 1958, in the face of the Algerian crisis, the regime was still unable to overcome its administrative weakness and the disadvantage of a fragmented parliament. Depending on the political traditions of the strong, de Gaulle was elected prime minister at a critical juncture and given constitutional power by Congress. The new constitution established an administrative-dependent institution, and de Gaulle was in a broad absence of government. The Constitution of the Fifth Republic established a president with considerable power, separated from parliamentary cabinets and a standardized parliament. In addition, de Gaulle changed the electoral system. France, relying on the political system established by the new constitution, successfully solved the Algerian problem and overcome it. It has been in operation for more than 50 years, during which it has experienced three challenges of co-governance, showing strong vitality.
This paper intends to explore the impact of the constitutional reform of 1958 on contemporary French politics, limited to length, and only to explore the role of the central authority. The main body of the paper is divided into three parts: the first part expounds the background of the constitutional reform of the Fifth Republic, mainly analyzes the defects of the political system of the Fourth Republic, and expounds how the regime operates in a crisis. The second part elaborates the main contents of constitutional reform, including de Gaulle's constitutional proposition and the original provisions of the Fifth Republic Constitution. Comparing the status of institutions in practice with the original position of the constitution, and how some constitutional provisions are played or lost meaning. In conclusion, the author will point out how much the constitution has played in the process of political optimization, and the fifth The institutional factors and non institutional factors of the Republic's political system are summarized.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：DD911;D956.5

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