【摘要】：本文以《天盛律令》為研究對(duì)象,以比較法為主要視角,結(jié)合同時(shí)期宋律、金律以及西夏末期的《法則》、《新法》等法典,對(duì)《天盛律令》進(jìn)行橫向、縱向的系統(tǒng)比較。通過比較研究,以期解決以下幾個(gè)問題：比較《天盛律令》與宋、金律之間的異同,并分析其成因；通過對(duì)西夏律與宋律的鑒別、分析,考探《天盛律令》部分法律制度的來源；通過縱向比較,揭示西夏末期法律制度的變化；此外對(duì)學(xué)界尚未涉及的部分西夏法律制度進(jìn)行梳理。 本文包括緒論、正文與結(jié)語三部分,其中正文包括二至五章。 第一章為緒論。簡述了本文的選題緣起、意義,有關(guān)《天盛律令》的研究綜述,以及本文的研究方法、材料。 第二章為《天盛律令》的刑罰制度。本章通過與宋刑罰制度比較,考證了西夏部分刑罰制度的淵源。如西夏杖刑借鑒自宋初的“建隆折杖法”；笞刑則與宋軍法小杖關(guān)系密切；西夏拘管刑源自宋鎖閉刑等。西夏刑罰適用充分考慮了國情風(fēng)俗,如通過籍沒刑普遍適用、延長勞役刑刑期等措施來緩解西夏勞動(dòng)人口不足的局面。此外西夏缺銅但馬匹眾多,《天盛律令》即以罰馬刑代替贖銅,具有鮮明的民族特色。同時(shí)本章還梳理了未被關(guān)注的西夏連坐、反坐等刑罰制度。與宋、金連坐制度相較,西夏親屬連坐發(fā)達(dá),伍保連坐適用不多,有誣告連坐而無舉主連坐,這與西夏勞動(dòng)人口不足以及“賊患”較少有關(guān)。與宋反坐采用一般原則與具體規(guī)定相結(jié)合的立法體例不同,《天盛律令》中的反坐略去了概念與原則性規(guī)定,僅在具體條款的刑罰適用時(shí)規(guī)定反坐,實(shí)用性更為顯著。 第三章為《天盛律令》的主要罪名。本章針對(duì)該領(lǐng)域盜罪研究成果豐富,其他罪名研究薄弱的現(xiàn)狀,總結(jié)了殺人罪、傷害罪、奸罪、瀆職罪、逃人罪等主要罪名。通過與宋、金同類罪名比較,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)西夏罪名立法的基本框架借鑒自中原律法,如殺人罪中采用故殺、斗殺分類法,受賄罪包括枉法受賄罪與不枉法受賄罪,奸罪包括和奸、強(qiáng)奸,斗毆罪中適用保辜制度等,甚至殺人罪的部分法條直接援引自《宋刑統(tǒng)》,可見《天盛律令》受中原律法影響之深�！短焓⒙闪睢返南嚓P(guān)罪名法條多為操作性、實(shí)用性強(qiáng)的具體規(guī)則,而涉及概念、原則、解釋等法理性規(guī)范極少,這是其區(qū)別于宋罪名立法的主要特點(diǎn)。此外受傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗影響,西夏奸罪量刑明顯輕于中原,是中華法系中較為獨(dú)特的法律現(xiàn)象。另外《天盛律令》在奸罪立法技術(shù)上也有新的突破,如設(shè)立告訴時(shí)效、規(guī)定和奸捕問法,尤其是設(shè)立“誘匿人妻罪”,比學(xué)界認(rèn)為的元代首次設(shè)立該罪早了一個(gè)世紀(jì)。 第四章為《天盛律令》的主要部門法。該章選取了較有代表性的廄牧法、僧道法、庫務(wù)法與酒曲法。在廄牧法方面,西夏與宋有不少差異,如宋法多草料配給、驛馬管理等規(guī)定,而西夏則有鑿井、牧人揀選、征收牧副產(chǎn)品等規(guī)定。另外西夏牧盈能的設(shè)置、置命法的實(shí)施都有別于宋法,具有鮮明的民族特色。在僧道法方面,西夏僧道地位較高,賜衣僧道享有與有官人同等的法律特權(quán),與宋、金差異較大。在庫務(wù)法方面,《天盛律令》立法頗為細(xì)致、嚴(yán)密,如官物耗減法中,詳細(xì)規(guī)定了每樣官物的耗減率,這在歷代法典中并不多見。在酒曲法方面,由于西夏人口較少,酒類消費(fèi)市場有限,西夏政府采取壟斷曲務(wù)、放開酒務(wù)的政策,體現(xiàn)在立法上,就表現(xiàn)出多曲務(wù)法而少酒務(wù)法的特點(diǎn),這與宋曲務(wù)法、酒務(wù)法并重的立法模式區(qū)別較大。 第五章為《天盛律令》的司法制度�！短焓⒙闪睢分胁簧偎痉ㄖ贫戎苯右浦沧运未闪�,從來源上看,既有援自《宋刑統(tǒng)》的條文,也有太平興國、元豐、紹圣、紹興等各個(gè)時(shí)期的敕令；從內(nèi)容上看,西夏的拷訊制度、案件審理期限、審理回避制、鞫讞分司制、憫囚制度等都存在明顯的法律移植痕跡。此外本章還梳理了西夏較有特色的自首制度、責(zé)保制度、上請(qǐng)制度與告賞法�！短焓⒙闪睢返淖允撞捎谩疤乩�(guī)定”的形式,這與宋律在《名例律》中對(duì)自首進(jìn)行原則性規(guī)定有明顯不同。西夏告賞法也較有特點(diǎn),其以刑等立賞格的形式規(guī)范大多數(shù)告賞,與宋一罪一賞的龐雜告賞令相比,更為簡潔、實(shí)用。 本文結(jié)語部分,簡要分析了《天盛律令》與宋、金法律制度的異同及其成因,同時(shí)簡述了《天盛律令》法律移植的內(nèi)容、特征,在立法上的合理成分以及西夏末期法律制度的變化等方面。
[Abstract]:This paper takes Tiansheng Laws and Decrees as the research object, takes comparative law as the main angle of view, combines Song Laws, Jin Laws and other codes of the late Xixia Dynasty, and makes a horizontal and vertical systematic comparison of Tiansheng Laws and Decrees. Through the analysis of the cause of formation, the author tries to find out the origin of some legal systems in Tiansheng Laws and decrees, reveals the changes of the legal system in the late Xixia Dynasty through vertical comparison, and combs out some legal systems in the western Xia Dynasty which have not been involved in academic circles.
This article consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion, including two to five chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction. It briefly introduces the origin and significance of the topic, the research summary of Tiansheng Laws and Regulations, and the research methods and materials of this paper.
The second chapter is the penalty system of Tiansheng Law and Decree.By comparing it with the penalty system of Song Dynasty,this chapter textually studies the origin of some penalty systems in Xixia Dynasty.For example,the penalty of stick in Xixia Dynasty borrowed from the "Jianlong broken stick law" of early Song Dynasty,the penalty of flogging was closely related to the stick of military law of Song Dynasty,the penalty of detention in Xixia Dynasty originated from the closed-in Song Dy In addition, the Xixia Dynasty lacked copper but had a large number of horses. The Tiansheng Laws and Decrees had distinct national characteristics. At the same time, this chapter also combed the unnoticed punishment system of Xixia, such as sitting in tandem, sitting back and so on. Comparing with the system of joint seats, the relatives of Xixia developed the system of joint seats, but Wu Bao did not apply it very much. There were false accusations and no lifting of the head. This was related to the insufficient labor force and the fewer "thieves" in Xixia. Only when the penalty is applied to the specific provisions, is it more practical to set a counter seat.
Chapter three is the main charges of Tiansheng Law and Decree.This chapter summarizes the main charges of homicide, injury, adultery, dereliction of duty and escaping from others in view of the abundant research achievements in this field and the weak research status of other charges.Comparing with the similar charges in Song and Jin Dynasties, we can find that the basic framework of Xixia's crime legislation draws lessons from the Central Plains law, for example. The crime of accepting bribes includes the crime of perverting the law and the crime of accepting bribes without perverting the law. The crime of rape includes rape, rape, the application of the system of protecting the innocent in the crime of affray, etc. Some of the provisions of the crime of homicide are directly quoted from . It can be seen that is deeply influenced by the Central Plains Law. In addition, influenced by traditional customs, the sentencing of adultery in the Xixia Dynasty is obviously lighter than that in the Central Plains, which is a relatively unique legal phenomenon in the Chinese legal system. There are new breakthroughs, such as the establishment of the limitation of notice, the provisions and the law of rape and arrest, especially the establishment of the crime of luring and hiding one's wife, a century before the first establishment of the crime in the Yuan Dynasty.
Chapter four is the main department law of Tiansheng Laws and Decrees.It chooses the stables and pastures law,monks and Taoists law,treasury law and liquor-starter law.There are many differences between the stables and pastures law in the Western Xia Dynasty and the Song Dynasty,such as the Song Dynasty's law of forage rationing,post-horse management and so on,while the Western Xia Dynasty has the regulations of digging wells,herdsmen selecting and collecting pasture by-products. In the aspect of Buddhism and Taoism, the monks and Taoists in the Western Xia Dynasty enjoyed the same legal privileges as those in the Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty. In the aspect of liquor-making law, the Xixia government adopted the policy of monopolizing liquor-making and liberalizing liquor-making because of the small population and limited liquor-consuming market in the Xixia Dynasty. Big.
The fifth chapter is about the judicial system of Tiansheng Law and Decree. In addition, this chapter also combs the characteristic surrender system, the liability system, the request system and the reward law in the Western Xia Dynasty. The reward law also has its own characteristics. It regulates most rewards in the form of punishment and other reward forms, which is more concise and practical than the numerous reward orders for one crime and one reward in Song Dynasty.
In the concluding part of this paper, the author briefly analyzes the similarities and differences between Tiansheng Laws and Decrees and the legal systems of Song and Jin Dynasties and their causes. At the same time, the author briefly describes the content, characteristics, reasonable elements in legislation and the changes of legal systems in the late Xixia Dynasty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D929

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