北宋食鹽專賣制度研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-12 20:22
【摘要】：北宋立國(guó),吸取唐末藩鎮(zhèn)割據(jù)和五代紛爭(zhēng)的教訓(xùn),實(shí)行高度中央集權(quán)統(tǒng)治,采取了一系列措施,逐漸削弱地方的軍事力量和經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ),但由此也產(chǎn)生了“冗官耗于上,冗兵耗下于”的局面,加之外患頻仍,財(cái)政問題日益突出,促使宋政府對(duì)專賣收入愈加重視。在北宋專賣收入中,食鹽始終占據(jù)著主導(dǎo)地位,因此圍繞鹽法的變革不斷。食鹽立法和鹽利收入都與北宋的社會(huì)、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況密不可分。北宋政府不斷變革鹽法,其方式無非是官賣與通商之間的轉(zhuǎn)變,最終目的就是獲取最大限度的鹽利,以保證國(guó)家的財(cái)政收入和支出。 本文從經(jīng)濟(jì)法史的角度審視了北宋榷鹽制度,通過介紹北宋時(shí)期食鹽專賣制度和鹽法變遷,探討當(dāng)時(shí)條件下鹽法變化的規(guī)律以及與政治經(jīng)濟(jì)背景的關(guān)聯(lián)。北宋鹽法變遷的最終規(guī)律是官賣制逐漸向通商制轉(zhuǎn)變,官賣制下鹽利收入由地方掌管,而通商制鹽利所得悉歸中央,鹽利的歸屬才是問題的本質(zhì)。可以說,鹽法變化是北宋政府出于削弱地方經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)、鞏固中央集權(quán)的需要。榷鹽制度下不同經(jīng)濟(jì)體所承擔(dān)的權(quán)利和義務(wù)也不同,北宋政府想囊括全部的鹽利,無奈力不從心,大量食鹽的運(yùn)輸需要商人,只能采取間接專賣的方式管理和控制商人,國(guó)家在為商人獲得鹽利提供機(jī)會(huì)的同時(shí),想方設(shè)法進(jìn)行干預(yù),而鹽商采取各種手段反對(duì)國(guó)家干預(yù),如私販、偷稅、漏稅等。因此,國(guó)家與鹽商始終在爭(zhēng)利與共利的過程中博弈。國(guó)家基本上控制了食鹽全部的生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域,切斷了鹽商與鹽民之間的聯(lián)系,剝奪了鹽民的剩余價(jià)值,使其履行了更多的義務(wù),卻獲得了微乎其微的權(quán)利,因而,國(guó)家與鹽民之間是一種赤裸裸的剝削與被剝削關(guān)系。食鹽專賣只是政府治理財(cái)政的一種手段,不同的環(huán)境下會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的后果,北宋時(shí)期的榷鹽制度對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)各方面產(chǎn)生了很大的影響,如軍事方面,助邊費(fèi)的十分之八都來自于榷鹽收入,同時(shí),鹽鈔的應(yīng)用不但推動(dòng)了宋代信用貨幣的發(fā)展,而且為紙幣奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 總的來說,北宋時(shí)期鹽法頻繁變化,是統(tǒng)治者出于政治、財(cái)政、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事等因素的考慮,維護(hù)政權(quán)的需要,雖有不少弊端,但從某種程度上來說,榷鹽制度也促進(jìn)了當(dāng)時(shí)商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:The Northern Song Dynasty, learning from the lessons of the separation of towns in the late Tang Dynasty and the disputes of the five dynasties, exercised a high degree of centralization of power and adopted a series of measures to gradually weaken the local military force and economic base, but this also resulted in "redundant officials wasting on the ground." The situation of redundant soldiers consumed by ", together with the frequent foreign troubles, the increasingly prominent financial problems, prompted the Song government to pay more attention to monopoly revenue. In the Northern Song Dynasty monopoly income, salt has always occupied a dominant position, so the revolution around salt law. Salt legislation and salt income are closely related to the social, political and economic situation of the Northern Song Dynasty. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty constantly changed the salt law, its way is nothing more than the change between the official sale and the trade, the ultimate goal is to obtain the maximum salt profit, in order to guarantee the national financial revenue and the expenditure. This paper examines the salt system of the Northern Song Dynasty from the angle of the history of economic law. By introducing the salt monopoly system and the changes of salt law in the Northern Song Dynasty, this paper probes into the law of salt law change under the condition of that time and its relation with the political and economic background. The ultimate law of salt law vicissitude in Northern Song Dynasty was that the official selling system gradually changed to the trade system, and the income of salt interest under the official selling system was under the control of the local government, and the profit from the trade and salt production came under the control of the central government, and the ownership of the salt interest was the essence of the problem. It can be said that the salt law change is the need of the Northern Song Dynasty government to weaken the local economic power and consolidate the centralization power. Under the salt system, the rights and obligations of different economies are also different. The Northern Song Dynasty government wanted to cover all the salt profits, but was unable to do so. The transportation of a large amount of table salt needed merchants, so it could only be managed and controlled by indirect monopolization. The state, while providing opportunities for merchants to obtain salt profits, tried every means to intervene, while salt merchants took various measures against state intervention, such as private traders, tax evasion, and so on. Therefore, the state and salt merchants always in the process of profit and common interests game. The state has basically controlled all the areas of salt production, cut off the link between salt merchants and salt people, deprived salt people of their surplus value, and made them fulfil more obligations, but they obtained very little rights, so that, The relationship between the state and the salt people is a kind of naked exploitation and exploitation. Salt monopoly is only a means for the government to manage finance, and it will have different consequences under different circumstances. The salt system in the Northern Song Dynasty had a great influence on all aspects of society at that time, such as military affairs. At the same time, the application of salt bills not only promoted the development of credit currency in Song Dynasty, but also laid the foundation for paper money. In general, the frequent changes in salt laws during the Northern Song Dynasty were due to the rulers' consideration of political, financial, economic, military and other factors, and the need to maintain political power, although there were many drawbacks, to some extent, The salt system also promoted the development of commodity economy at that time.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：D912.29;D929
本文編號(hào)：2180260
[Abstract]:The Northern Song Dynasty, learning from the lessons of the separation of towns in the late Tang Dynasty and the disputes of the five dynasties, exercised a high degree of centralization of power and adopted a series of measures to gradually weaken the local military force and economic base, but this also resulted in "redundant officials wasting on the ground." The situation of redundant soldiers consumed by ", together with the frequent foreign troubles, the increasingly prominent financial problems, prompted the Song government to pay more attention to monopoly revenue. In the Northern Song Dynasty monopoly income, salt has always occupied a dominant position, so the revolution around salt law. Salt legislation and salt income are closely related to the social, political and economic situation of the Northern Song Dynasty. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty constantly changed the salt law, its way is nothing more than the change between the official sale and the trade, the ultimate goal is to obtain the maximum salt profit, in order to guarantee the national financial revenue and the expenditure. This paper examines the salt system of the Northern Song Dynasty from the angle of the history of economic law. By introducing the salt monopoly system and the changes of salt law in the Northern Song Dynasty, this paper probes into the law of salt law change under the condition of that time and its relation with the political and economic background. The ultimate law of salt law vicissitude in Northern Song Dynasty was that the official selling system gradually changed to the trade system, and the income of salt interest under the official selling system was under the control of the local government, and the profit from the trade and salt production came under the control of the central government, and the ownership of the salt interest was the essence of the problem. It can be said that the salt law change is the need of the Northern Song Dynasty government to weaken the local economic power and consolidate the centralization power. Under the salt system, the rights and obligations of different economies are also different. The Northern Song Dynasty government wanted to cover all the salt profits, but was unable to do so. The transportation of a large amount of table salt needed merchants, so it could only be managed and controlled by indirect monopolization. The state, while providing opportunities for merchants to obtain salt profits, tried every means to intervene, while salt merchants took various measures against state intervention, such as private traders, tax evasion, and so on. Therefore, the state and salt merchants always in the process of profit and common interests game. The state has basically controlled all the areas of salt production, cut off the link between salt merchants and salt people, deprived salt people of their surplus value, and made them fulfil more obligations, but they obtained very little rights, so that, The relationship between the state and the salt people is a kind of naked exploitation and exploitation. Salt monopoly is only a means for the government to manage finance, and it will have different consequences under different circumstances. The salt system in the Northern Song Dynasty had a great influence on all aspects of society at that time, such as military affairs. At the same time, the application of salt bills not only promoted the development of credit currency in Song Dynasty, but also laid the foundation for paper money. In general, the frequent changes in salt laws during the Northern Song Dynasty were due to the rulers' consideration of political, financial, economic, military and other factors, and the need to maintain political power, although there were many drawbacks, to some extent, The salt system also promoted the development of commodity economy at that time.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：鄭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：D912.29;D929
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前5條
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，本文編號(hào)：2180260
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