本文選題：1914年 + 農(nóng)商部第十六號訓(xùn)令��； 參考：《中國政法大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 對于清末民初的重要民間商人組織——商會,許多學(xué)者都做出了深刻的研究。商會的發(fā)展,一方面體現(xiàn)了西學(xué)東漸所帶來的近代資產(chǎn)階級民主權(quán)利意識的日益壯大,另一方面也反映出強有力中央國家政權(quán)之闕如,與已初具規(guī)模的民間經(jīng)濟(jì)社團(tuán)二者之間的妥協(xié),體現(xiàn)了近代商人團(tuán)體為其獨立自由所做出的努力。從近二十年的研究成果來看,有不少論文以一個地方的商會為研究對象,而關(guān)于商會法律的卻不多見,針對1914年商會法1之爭的就更少了。中國近現(xiàn)代史研究所所長朱英先生是這一領(lǐng)域研究的先行者,是第一位專門以1914年商會法為研究對象的的學(xué)者。朱英先生所著“張謇與民初的《商會法》之爭2一文給予了筆者很大的啟示。除此之外,也有不少論著涉及到1914年商會法,但多數(shù)論著都只是在其文中單列一章或者一節(jié)做一些較為簡略的脈絡(luò)分析,又或者,是在材料的引用上有史料較為陳舊或是相互引證缺乏實際考證的缺陷。鑒于此,筆者選取了1914年商會法為對象,來研究1914年商會法頒行之后所引發(fā)的官商之爭。 本文的寫作方式,是在查閱并總結(jié)了民國時期有關(guān)于商會的大量第一手資料,如《中華民國四年第四次農(nóng)商統(tǒng)計表》、《政府公報》、《申報》、《上海總商會議事錄》、《上海總商會組織史資料匯編》、《中華民國商業(yè)檔案資料匯編》、《天津商會檔案資料匯編》等的基礎(chǔ)之上,對1914年官商之間的相關(guān)爭論點進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的梳理和逐步的分析。 全文共分為前言、正文及結(jié)論三個部分。 前言部分首先提到了1914年商會法之爭發(fā)生的背景及爭議的大致脈絡(luò)。其次介紹了前人的研究著述和本文的研究角度。 正文分為兩部分: 第一部分詳細(xì)梳理了1914年商會法之爭的始末。對于爭議的焦點,本文主要從商會的組織結(jié)構(gòu)與商會對官廳的公文程式規(guī)定兩方面入手,做出具體論述。在商會的組織結(jié)構(gòu)方面的爭議,本文將從改組原有總分會和取消全國商會聯(lián)合會兩個角度來分析;在商會對官廳的公文程式方面的爭議,本文將從商會與行政長官以及農(nóng)商部長之間的呈文規(guī)定兩個角度來討論。關(guān)于其他內(nèi)容的爭議,本文將以主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人員的選任制度及財政制度為例,進(jìn)行簡要分析。 第二部分以1914年商會法之爭為基礎(chǔ)分析了爭議背后的問題。首先,文章從近代商會商人組織的變化入手,分析了傳統(tǒng)商人組織,如行會、會館,與作為近代商人組織的商會之間的性質(zhì)變化;然后對商會的社團(tuán)獨立性做了評述;接著指出1914年商會法之爭中官商爭議的實質(zhì)是:商會所希望的維護(hù)商會從清末以來的權(quán)利和地位的愿望,與政府所主導(dǎo)的希望逐步削弱商會的獨立性并加強對商人組織控制監(jiān)督的進(jìn)程之間的沖突;最后,從政府自身力量的欠缺,傳統(tǒng)商人組織的存在,農(nóng)商總長張謇的離任等方面,論述了1914商會法之爭中,北京政府做出妥協(xié)讓步的原因之所在。 結(jié)論部分對商會在1914年商會法之爭中所展示出的近代民主精神,和反抗政府壓制的勇氣及實力,進(jìn)行了肯定評價。并對商會在爭取商權(quán)、保護(hù)社團(tuán)獨立自由之外的其他目的,做出了思考。
[Abstract]:Many scholars have made profound research on the important folk merchant organization of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the chamber of Commerce. The development of the chamber of Commerce embodies the growing sense of modern bourgeois democratic rights brought about by the western learning, on the other hand, it also reflects the lack of the powerful central state power, and the folk classics, which have already begun to take shape. The compromise between the two of the economic associations reflects the efforts made by the modern merchant groups for their independent freedom. From the research results of the last twenty years, many papers have been studied by a local chamber of Commerce, while the law of the chamber of commerce is rarely seen, and the dispute over the chamber of commerce in 1914 is less. Mr. Zhu Ying, the pioneer of the research in this field, is the first scholar specializing in the study of the chamber of Commerce in the 1914. Mr. Zhu Ying has given a great deal of inspiration to the author of the debate between Zhang Jian and the law of chamber of Commerce in the early days of the Republic of China. In addition, there are many treatises involving the chamber of Commerce in 1914, but most of the treatises are only in their writings. In this case, I selected the chamber of Commerce in 1914 as an object to study the contention between the official business of the chamber of Commerce in 1914, which was caused by the 1914 chamber of commerce law.
The writing style of this article is to consult and summarize a large number of first-hand information about the chamber of Commerce in the period of the Republic of China, such as the fourth agricultural business statistics table in four years of the Republic of China, the government communique, the declaration > the Shanghai general business conference, the compilation of the history of the organization of the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce, the compilation of the commercial archives of the Republic of China, the archives of the Tianjin chamber of Commerce. On the basis of material compilation and so on, the paper makes a detailed analysis and analysis of the controversial points of the 1914.
The full text is divided into three parts: preface, text and conclusion.
The preface first refers to the background and controversy of the chamber of Commerce Law in 1914. Secondly, it introduces the previous research works and the research perspective of this article.
The text is divided into two parts:
The first part details the beginning and end of the dispute of the chamber of Commerce in 1914. For the focus of the dispute, this article is mainly from the two aspects of the organization structure of the chamber of Commerce and the provisions of the official document of the chamber of Commerce. The disputes on the organization structure of the chamber of Commerce will be reorganized from the original general branch and the cancellation of the National Chamber of Commerce of the National Chamber of commerce two This article will discuss the disputes between the chamber of Commerce and the chief executive and the Minister of agriculture and Commerce in two angles. In the case of other disputes, this article will take a brief analysis of the selection system and financial system of the main leaders.
The second part analyzes the issues behind the dispute on the basis of the dispute of the chamber of Commerce in 1914. First, the article starts with the changes in the merchant organization of Modern Chamber of Commerce, and analyzes the changes in the nature of the traditional merchant organizations, such as guilds, guilds, and the chamber of Commerce organized as modern merchants, and then comments on the association independence of the chamber of Commerce; and then points out that 1914 The essence of the dispute between the official and commercial disputes of the chamber of Commerce in the year of the chamber of commerce is: the desire of the chamber of Commerce to safeguard the rights and status of the chamber of Commerce since the end of the Qing Dynasty, and the conflict between the government led hope gradually weaken the independence of the chamber of Commerce and strengthen the process of the control and supervision of the merchant organization; finally, the lack of the government's own strength and the existence of the traditional merchant organization On the basis of the departure of Zhang Jian, chief agricultural businessman, this paper discusses the reasons for the compromise and concession of the Beijing government in the dispute between the 1914 chambers of Commerce.
The conclusion is part of the affirmative evaluation of the modern democratic spirit, the courage and strength of the chamber of Commerce in the chamber of Commerce in 1914, and the courage and strength to resist the suppression of the government. It also makes a reflection on the other purposes of the chamber of Commerce to strive for commercial rights and to protect the independent freedom of the community.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D923;D929

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