本文選題：憲政 + 聯(lián)邦制��； 參考：《山東師范大學》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 紀錄片《大國崛起》中有一句富有哲理的解說詞:“大海總是在最平靜的地方掀起波濤。歷史像大海,總是在最讓人意想不到的地方創(chuàng)造奇跡�！�16-17世紀的歐洲正處于絕對君主主義大行其道的時代,此時的歐洲各國紛紛建立起了以個人專權為核心特征的君主專制制度。然而,偏處歐洲西北一隅的尼德蘭(荷蘭)卻通過一場反對西班牙殖民統(tǒng)治的資產(chǎn)階級革命,出人意料地締造了一個嶄新的共和國,并以其聯(lián)省共和憲政的獨特風采構成了現(xiàn)代民族國家憲政大潮的歷史前奏和序曲。鑒于該國在歐洲乃至世界憲政史上無可取代的歷史地位,本文擬對尼德蘭聯(lián)省共和憲政作一專門探討。 文章內(nèi)容主要分為四個部分。 第一部分,論述了尼德蘭聯(lián)省共和憲政的起源。首先,闡述了尼德蘭地區(qū)自古羅馬統(tǒng)治時代至哈布斯堡王朝統(tǒng)治時代的政治發(fā)展史及尼德蘭聯(lián)省共和國的建國歷程。其次,簡要介紹了“烏特勒支同盟”的建立過程,分析了其憲政意義;該同盟以明文規(guī)定的盟約形式確立了尼德蘭聯(lián)省共和國聯(lián)邦制的國家結構形式和協(xié)商共治式的政治運行模式,標志著尼德蘭聯(lián)省共和憲政的建立。 第二部分,考察了尼德蘭聯(lián)省共和憲政的政治結構。共和國的政治結構分為市鎮(zhèn)、省、聯(lián)省三個層級。市鎮(zhèn)層級內(nèi),各市鎮(zhèn)按照傳統(tǒng)實行自治,并設有市鎮(zhèn)議會,由市政官、法官和警察官組成的地方治安團,市鎮(zhèn)議長等機構。其中,市鎮(zhèn)議會是市鎮(zhèn)的核心權力機構,享有對市鎮(zhèn)內(nèi)政治、經(jīng)濟、司法、軍事等事務的全面管轄權;由市政官、法官和警察官組成的地方治安團是市鎮(zhèn)議會最重要的職能機構,市政官主要負責行使行政性事務的管轄權,法官主要負責各類案件管轄權,警察官主要負責治安和刑事公訴事務的管轄權;市鎮(zhèn)議長作為市鎮(zhèn)議會內(nèi)唯一的會議組織者、發(fā)言人和記錄員,權力很大。在市鎮(zhèn)內(nèi),只有攝政家族能參與政治生活,普通市民無參政議政權。省層級內(nèi),各省普遍按照傳統(tǒng)實行自治,主要設有省議會、執(zhí)政、省議長、省執(zhí)行委員會、省法院等機構。省議會是省的最高權力機構,享有省內(nèi)各項事務的管轄權和所有重要官員的任命權;執(zhí)政在性質(zhì)上是共和國為應對外部軍事威脅和糾正內(nèi)部攝政家族統(tǒng)治失誤而設置的應急性的機構;省議長負責提出法制建設和政策擬定的倡議;省執(zhí)行委員會負責法律執(zhí)行、財政開支核算、軍費籌集;省法院主要行使刑事案件的上訴管轄權和對當事人選擇起訴至省法院的民事案件的司法管轄權。省政治活動的參與者是“有投票權”的市鎮(zhèn)和貴族團體,“無投票權”的市鎮(zhèn)不能參與。聯(lián)省層級內(nèi),設有聯(lián)省議會、聯(lián)省議事會、聯(lián)省財政署等機構。聯(lián)省不設法院,但聯(lián)省議事會有少量軍事、財政案件的司法管轄權。其中,聯(lián)省議會是核心權力機構,享有聯(lián)省層級內(nèi)的外交、政治、經(jīng)濟、軍事等事務的管轄權;聯(lián)省議事會是聯(lián)省議會最主要的輔助和執(zhí)行機構,主要負責財政稅收的核算與分配、公地管理、聯(lián)省軍事和財政案件的司法審判權等;聯(lián)省財政署主要負責聯(lián)省的各項財務收支核算、收取各省分擔的軍事預算并向聯(lián)省議會報告實際支付情況。七省是聯(lián)省政治活動的主要參加者,公地等無權參加。 第三部分,剖析了尼德蘭聯(lián)省共和憲政的內(nèi)在機制。分權制衡原則是尼德蘭聯(lián)省共和憲政得以形成的根本,同時也是尼德蘭聯(lián)省共和憲政的內(nèi)在機制。該原則的根本特征是將國家權力分立為若干部分,并使各部分權力之間能夠相互監(jiān)督和制約,從而達到限制國家權力和保障人權的根本目的。共和國分權制衡原則的成因主要有:第一,直接原因是“結盟”的建國模式;第二,根本原因是各政治勢力利益方面的多元沖突。共和國內(nèi),分權制衡原則的內(nèi)容主要包括聯(lián)邦制下的權力分立制衡和政治派系間的權力分立制衡。 第四部分,分析了尼德蘭聯(lián)省共和憲政的特點及其局限性。其特點主要包括:第一,具有在政治運行模式上典型的“協(xié)商共治”特色;第二,具有鮮明的宗教寬容和政教分離的特點。局限性主要包括:第一,分權不合理,表現(xiàn)為橫向不分權和縱向分權不均衡;第二,民主有限和法治含量比較低。
[Abstract]:The documentary "the rise of the country" has a philosophical commentary: "the sea always sets off waves in the quietest place. History is like the sea, always creating miracles in the most unintended place." Europe in the 16-17 century was in an era of absolute monarchy, when European countries were set up as individuals. The monarchy of the monarchy was the core characteristic of the monarchy. However, the Netherland (Holland), which was located in a corner of the northwest of Europe, unexpectedly created a New Republic through a bourgeois revolution against Spanish colonial rule, and made up the history of the modern national constitutional government by its unique style of constitutional government of the United States. Prelude and prelude. In view of the historical position of the country in the history of constitutionalism in Europe and the world, this article intends to make a special inquiry into the federalism of the Republic of Netherlands.
The content of the article is divided into four parts.
The first part discusses the origin of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland. First, it expounds the political development history of the reign of Rome from ancient times to the reign of the Habsburg dynasty and the founding history of the Republic of Netherland. Secondly, it briefly introduces the establishment process of the "Utrecht alliance", and analyzes its constitutional significance; The alliance established the form of the national structure of the federal system of the Federal Republic of Netherland and the mode of the political operation of the common governance of the Republic of Netherlands, which marked the establishment of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland.
The second part examines the political structure of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland. The political structure of the Republic is divided into three levels, towns, provinces, and United States. The towns and towns are divided into municipalities, municipal councils, magistrate and police officers, including municipal councils, magistrate and police officers. The core authority of a town enjoys the full jurisdiction over the political, economic, judicial and military affairs of the town; a local magistrate, composed of municipal officials, judges and police officers, is the most important functional organization of the town council. The municipal officials are mainly responsible for exercising jurisdiction over administrative affairs. The judges are mainly responsible for the jurisdiction of various cases, the police The chief of the government is responsible for the jurisdiction of the public security and criminal prosecution affairs; the mayor of the town is the only conference organizer, the spokesman and the recorder in the town council. In the town, only the Regent family can participate in political life, and the ordinary citizens do not participate in political power. The parliament, the ruling, the provincial president, the Provincial Executive Committee, the provincial court, and other institutions. The provincial assembly is the supreme authority of the province, enjoys the jurisdiction of all the affairs in the province and the right to appoint all the important officials; in nature, the government is an acute institution for the Republic to deal with external military threats and to correct the failure of the internal Regent family rule; The speaker is responsible for proposing a proposal for legal construction and policy formulation; the Provincial Executive Committee is responsible for the enforcement of the law, the accounting of fiscal expenditure, and the collection of military expenses; the provincial courts mainly exercise the jurisdiction of the appeals of the criminal cases and the jurisdiction of the parties to the civil cases of the provincial courts. Municipalities and aristocratic groups, "no voting rights" cities can not participate. In the provincial level, the provincial parliament, the provincial council, the provincial finance department and other agencies. The province does not have a court, but the provincial council has a small number of military, financial cases of jurisdiction. Among them, the Provincial Parliament is the core authority, and enjoys diplomacy within the provincial level. The jurisdiction of the governing, economic, military, and other affairs; the provincial council is the main subsidiary and executive agency of the provincial assembly, mainly responsible for the accounting and distribution of fiscal and taxation, the management of the public land, the judicial power of the military and financial cases of the province, and so on; the Provincial Department of finance is responsible for the accounting of the financial revenues and expenditures of the provinces and collection of the military prepositions shared by the provinces. The seven provinces are the main participants of the Joint Provincial political activities, and the commons are not entitled to participate.
The third part analyzes the internal mechanism of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland. The principle of separation of powers is the basis for the formation of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland and the internal mechanism of the constitutional government of the Republic of Netherland. The fundamental feature of this principle is to divide the state power into the division of the cadres and to supervise the mutual supervision of the various parts of power. In order to achieve the ultimate goal of restricting state power and guaranteeing human rights, the main causes of the principle of dividing power and balance in the Republic are as follows: first, the direct reason is the "alliance" model of the founding of the nation; second, the fundamental reason is the pluralistic conflict in the interests of the political forces. Separation of powers and checks and balances and separation of powers between political factions.
The fourth part analyses the characteristics and limitations of the constitutionalism of the Republic of Netherland. Its characteristics mainly include: first, it has the typical characteristics of "negotiation and governance" in the political operation mode; second, it has distinct religious tolerance and separation of politics and religion. Vertical decentralization is not balanced; second, democracy is limited and the rule of law is relatively low.

【學位授予單位】：山東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：DD911;D956.3

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