發(fā)布時間：2018-03-10 05:29

  本文選題：清末　切入點：民事訴訟法　出處：《西南政法大學(xué)》2010年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：清末修律十年(1902—1911)是近代中國法制變革中歷時最短的一個時期,但卻是研究近代中國法制變革最佳的切入點。因為清末修律既為民國期間的法制變革提供了較為合適的修律版本,也是傳統(tǒng)司法走向近代化的艱難起步,為今后的司法改革積累了經(jīng)驗。民事訴訟法的修訂與憲法、刑法、民法、刑事訴訟法和法院編制法的修訂同為清末修律的主要環(huán)節(jié),具有重大的理論研究價值。本文是從訴權(quán)的角度來分析清末民事訴訟法的修訂和實際運作。 除導(dǎo)論和結(jié)論外,論文主體部分共分為四章： 第一章是研究清代的民事訴權(quán)制度。通過對清代律例、司法檔案、判牘等史料的考察,本文將清代民事訴權(quán)制度的基本特點歸納為：(1)民事司法配置。清代將細(xì)故案件劃分為錢案(田宅和錢債類糾紛)和刑案(婚姻家庭和治安類糾紛),并通過州縣自理程序來解決,但存在民刑訴訟難分的情形。在民事審判機構(gòu)方面,由州縣衙門全權(quán)負(fù)責(zé)民事案件的審結(jié),但上級衙門對此負(fù)有監(jiān)管的職責(zé)。為防止民間詞訟的泛濫和干擾審判,清代律例嚴(yán)格禁止訟師的活動,但事實上訟師是禁而未止的。(2)民事訴權(quán)的構(gòu)成。清代當(dāng)事人的民事訴權(quán)包括起訴權(quán)、公正審判權(quán)和上控權(quán)等三方面,對州縣衙門的審判權(quán)構(gòu)成了一定的制約機制。(3)民事呈詞的受理要件。清代民事呈詞的受理要件包括依法確定管轄衙門、符合形式要件、符合當(dāng)事人要件、符合事實要件(陳述屬實)和繳納訟費。(4)民事訴權(quán)的實現(xiàn)機制。在民事案件的受理上,清代州縣官通常呈現(xiàn)抑訴的司法偏好,但案件進入訴訟程序后依例由州縣官承擔(dān)案件的證明責(zé)任,采用糾問式堂審機制來厘清案件的事實,并以準(zhǔn)法酌情的方式來妥善地平息民事糾紛。 第二章是研究《刑事民事訴訟法(草案)》與民事訴權(quán)制度的變革。在張之洞等督撫的建議下,清廷于1902年初兩次下諭修律。最初修律的主要程序是改良刑獄和獄訟。1906年四月修訂法律館在刑訊存廢之爭后進呈《刑事民事訴訟法(草案)》,嘗試引進先進的英美法系為代表的近代西法民事訴權(quán)制度。但通過與傳統(tǒng)民事訴權(quán)制度關(guān)系的分析,本文認(rèn)為囿于司法體制和律例修訂(即從律例中析出民事條款)尚未展開,該草案移植西法民事訴權(quán)制度的范圍存在相當(dāng)?shù)木窒?除民刑訴訟分開制、律師制、陪審制(前三者系民事司法配置)、法定訟費制、人權(quán)保護制、民事受案的形式審查制、重大民事案件的交叉詢問制等少部分西法民事訴權(quán)制度,總體是維持傳統(tǒng)的民事訴權(quán)保護模式。同時該草案移植的主要西法民事訴權(quán)制度缺乏匹配的制度配套,總體是難以獨立有效運作的。因此該草案對傳統(tǒng)民事訴權(quán)制度觸動不大,且存在嚴(yán)重立法缺陷。由于存在諸多不合民情和修律時局的因素,1908年十月該草案最終退出法部的覆議程序,其立法地位由法部奏準(zhǔn)的《各級審判廳試辦章程》所替代。 第三章是研究《刑事民事訴訟法(草案)》擱置后對民事訴權(quán)制度變革的繼續(xù)探索。由于清廷在1906年宣示預(yù)備立憲,司法獨立運動和民事訴訟律的修訂開始提速。1907年十月法部奏準(zhǔn)頒行《各級審判廳試辦章程》,其特點是折中新舊,在基本采用日本裁判制度之時,如確立審判獨立制、審檢分立制、四級三審制,同時對其他傳統(tǒng)的民事訴權(quán)制度進行一定的變革,如建立上訴制度、法定訟費制度和審判公開制等。1908年清廷宣布以九年為期實行憲政。1910年2月憲政編查館奏準(zhǔn)頒布《法院編制法》,之后各省開始按照立憲清單編制和籌辦省城商埠各級審檢廳。由于預(yù)定頒布的《訴訟暫行章程》遲遲未見出臺,各省審檢廳向法部的請示大都是繼續(xù)等待,無奈之下各省不得不開始對《各級審判廳試辦章程》制定變通措施,并制定民事審判的施行細(xì)則。從清末新式審檢廳的民事審判運作來看,除民事司法配置有所變化外,總體情形與傳統(tǒng)的糾問式民事訴權(quán)保護模式并無實質(zhì)的區(qū)別。 第四章是研究《民事訴訟律(草案)》與民事訴權(quán)制度的變革。由于1910年清廷將預(yù)備立憲期縮改為六年,1911年1月修訂法律館將《民事訴訟律(草案)》匆匆上報清廷。該草案總體是以1890年日本民事訴訟法為藍本起草,但在具體制度設(shè)計上采大陸法系多數(shù)例和最新學(xué)說對日本民事訴訟法進行了一定的修正。該草案確定的大陸法系辯論式民事訴權(quán)制度體現(xiàn)在以下方面：(1)在民事訴權(quán)的構(gòu)成方面,該草案采處分權(quán)主義(即當(dāng)事人享有的起訴權(quán))和辯論主義(即當(dāng)事人享有的公正審判權(quán)),當(dāng)事人的上訴權(quán)則由控告權(quán)、上告權(quán)和抗告權(quán)三部分組成。(2)在民事訴權(quán)的保護要件上,由管轄審判衙門的確定、當(dāng)事人適格、訴訟對象的特定化、訴訟費用的承擔(dān)(包括訴訟費用的救助和擔(dān)保)四項要件組成。(3)在民事訴權(quán)的實現(xiàn)機制上,該草案按民事案件的性質(zhì)和起訴標(biāo)的額分別設(shè)置地方審判廳第一審普通程序、初級審判廳簡易訴訟程序和人事訴訟實行特別訴訟程序三種訴訟程序。其中地方審判廳第一審普通程序?qū)嵭忻袷掳讣男问綄彶橹?并由當(dāng)事人按辯論方式負(fù)擔(dān)案件的證明責(zé)任,審判衙門則必須依照“法則”來判案。由于清宣統(tǒng)帝在當(dāng)年底宣布退位,該草案并未完成立法審議程序即告流產(chǎn)。 通過對清末民事訴權(quán)制度變革的考察,論文得出結(jié)論：與近代西方重視民事訴權(quán)的保護理念相比,清代雖沒有訴權(quán)保護的概念,但從法律功能的角度看,清代官方對當(dāng)事人的民事訴權(quán)亦有一定的保護機制。在經(jīng)歷了嘗試效仿英美法系的失敗、折中新舊的歷程后,清末民事訴訟律的修訂最終走向以移植大陸法系日本民事訴訟法為模本的法制近代化之路,盡管其中不乏坎坷和曲折。在司法實證方面,清末各級新式審檢廳對民事案件的實際處理雖有一定的改進,但與傳統(tǒng)糾問式民事訴權(quán)保護機制并無實質(zhì)的變化。民國成立后,清末民事訴權(quán)制度變革的立法和司法成果全面為北京政府所承繼。 論文的論證方法包括歷史考據(jù)、比較民事訴訟法和司法實證等方法。如對清代民事訴權(quán)制度的詮釋,論文主要依據(jù)清代司法判牘和檔案來進行梳理,并與西方近代的民事訴權(quán)制度作必要的比較。又如《民事訴訟律(草案)》與民事訴權(quán)制度變革的關(guān)系,論文采用歷史考據(jù)的方法來闡述其法律文本的法系淵源,并與傳統(tǒng)民事訴權(quán)制度進行比對。再如對清末審檢廳之實際審判運作,論文主要是以司法案例(包括批詞和判詞)為據(jù)來展開分析。
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty ten years (1902 - 1911) is one of the shortest period of modern legal reform Chinese, but the study of modern legal system reform China the best starting point. Because of the late Qing Dynasty to the period of the Republic of China legal reform provides appropriate amendments to the law is the traditional version of justice started modernization the accumulated experience for the judicial reform in the future. The amendment of civil procedure law and the constitution, criminal law, civil law, the main part of the revision of the criminal procedure law and the court prepared with the law for the late Qing Dynasty, has great theoretical research value. This paper is to analyze the revision of the civil procedure law and the actual operation from the right point of view.
Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the main part of the thesis is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter is the research on the civil litigation system in the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty statutes, judicial records, inspection verdict and other historical materials, the basic characteristics of the civil litigation system in the Qing Dynasty are as follows: (1) the civil judicial configuration. In the Qing Dynasty will be divided into small cases (case of money and money home debt disputes and criminal cases) (marriage and family disputes and security), and by state and county self-care program to solve, but there is civil case. In the civil trial, concluded by the state county office responsible for civil cases, but the upper government has the regulatory responsibilities. In order to prevent the spread of civil litigation and judicial interference. In Qing Dynasty strictly prohibited Songshi activities, but the fact is not only a ban and Songshi. (2) of the civil litigation. The parties of civil litigation in Qing Dynasty, including the right to sue, three aspects of the right to a fair trial and control, to the state and county yamen jurisdiction Constitute a mechanism of restraint. (3) a civil word. The Qing Dynasty accepted elements of civil words is accepted according to the law to determine the jurisdiction elements include the yamen, meets the formal requirements, consistent with the requirements, accord with the facts (statement is true) and pay costs. (4) the mechanism of civil litigation in the civil case acceptance. On the Qing Dynasty magistrate usually presents anti litigation judicial preference, but the case into the proceedings in accordance with the burden of proof by the magistrate shall undertake the case, the Inquisitory hall review mechanism to clarify the facts of the case, and the appropriate way to quasi law properly settle civil disputes.
The second chapter is the study of "criminal and civil procedure law (Draft)" and the civil litigation system reform. In the Zhang Zhidong governor's suggestion, the Qing government in early 1902 under the two amendments to the law. The main program was originally from the law revision in April and improved prison prison litigation.1906 revised the law hall in the abolition of torture in a "criminal and civil procedure law (Draft)", try to introduce the advanced common law as the representative of the modern western civil litigation system. But through the analysis of the relationship with the traditional civil litigation system, the judicial system and law amendment Limited (from civil statutes in terms of precipitation) has not yet commenced, the scope of the draft process of law transplantation the civil litigation system has certain limitations, in addition to civil and criminal litigation separation system, lawyer system, jury system (the former three Department of civil justice, legal costs allocation) system, the protection of human rights, civil case in the form of censorship, the major civil cases Cross examination system and a small part of the civil litigation process system, is to maintain the overall civil litigious right protection mode of traditional civil litigation system. At the same time, the main process of the draft of the supporting system, the lack of transplantation, the overall effective operation is difficult to separate. The draft is not touched on the traditional civil litigation right system, and there are serious because of legislative defects. There are many different people and factors of law revision of the situation, in October 1908 the draft final exit law review procedures, the status of legislation by the law department at all levels to play the accurate < trial chamber experimental regulation > replaced.
The third chapter is the study of "criminal and civil procedure law (Draft)" use to change the civil litigation system to continue to explore. Because of the Qing in 1906 declared constitutional amendment, judicial independence movement and the civil procedure law began to accelerate in October.1907 law department issued "played the quasi trial courts trial regulations >, its characteristic is the compromise of old and new in the basic, Japanese referee system, such as the establishment of independent trial system, examine the discrete system, four grade three examination, and make some changes to other traditional civil litigation system, such as the establishment of appeal system, legal system and public trial costs for.1908 years of the Qing Dynasty declared for a period of nine years from the implementation of constitutional government in February.1910 issued a constitutional compiledinvestigation Museum played the quasi court authorized law < >, after the start according to the constitutional list and preparing for the examination hall. The provincial capital port at all levels due to interim regulations promulgated < litigation delay without a reservation Taiwan, the examination hall to the law department for most is to continue to wait, but under the provinces had to start on "trial courts of temporary rules and to develop alternative measures to develop", civil judicial enforcement rules. From the new examination department of civil trial operation, in addition to civil judicial configuration change, the overall situation and the traditional inquisitorial civil litigation right protection mode that there is no substantial difference.
The fourth chapter is the study of "Civil Procedure Law (Draft)" and the civil litigation system reform. Since 1910, the Qing government constitutional period reduced to six years in January 1911, amendments to the law library will "Civil Procedure Law (Draft) submitted to the court. The bill was" overall in 1890 is the civil litigation law of Japan on the drafting, but in the specific design of the system. The majority of the civil law cases and the latest theory of certain amendments to the Civil Procedure Law of Japan. The draft of civil law to determine the adversary system of civil litigation in the following aspects: (1) in the form of the civil litigation, the draft mining Decentralization (that is enjoyed by the parties the right to sue) and debate (i.e., the parties have the right to a fair trial), the parties appeal right by the right of complaint, the right to appeal and the right of three parts. (2) the requirements of the protection of the civil litigation, trial jurisdiction is determined by the government , parties'standing, specific object of litigation, litigation costs (including the cost of litigation relief and guarantee) four requirements. (3) in the realization of the mechanism of the civil litigation, the draft according to the nature and prosecution of civil cases the target amount were set up District Court of first instance ordinary procedure, primary the trial chamber summary procedure and the special procedure of personnel litigation procedure. The three forms of the system of the local judicial review Department of ordinary procedure of first instance civil cases, and by the parties to the debate the burden of responsibility to prove the case, the trial must be in accordance with the "yamen case law". Because the Qing Xuantong emperor abdicated in the year at the end, the bill did not complete the deliberation procedure will be aborted.
Through the investigation of the civil litigation system reform, the paper draws the conclusion: compared with the modern western philosophy attaches great importance to the protection of the civil litigation in the Qing Dynasty, although there is no concept of right protection, but from the perspective of legal function, the Qing Dynasty official have certain protection mechanisms of the civil litigation. After the failure of the Anglo American law system and try to emulate the new course, compromise, revision of the civil procedure law to civil law to transplant the civil procedural law of Japan as a model of the modern legal system of the road, although many twists and turns. In judicial practice, the actual processing of the examination hall in the late Qing Dynasty at all levels of the new civil cases, although there are some improvements, but with the traditional inquisitorial civil litigation right protection mechanism has no substantial change. After the establishment of Republic of China in the late Qing Dynasty, the civil litigation legislation and judicial system reform for the government of Beijing for comprehensive results Following.
The demonstration methods including historical research, Comparative Civil Procedure Law and judicial empirical method. As of the civil litigation system in the Qing Dynasty the Qing Dynasty judicial interpretation on the verdict and archives to sort out, and make the necessary comparison with western modern civil litigation system. And as the "Civil Procedure Law (Draft)" relationship with the civil litigation system reform, the paper elaborates its legal origin of legal texts by using the methods of historical research, and compared with the traditional civil litigation system in the late Qing Dynasty. As the actual trial inspection office of the trial operation, this paper mainly takes judicial cases (including the number of words and decisions) as far as to analyze.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D929;D925.1

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本文編號：1591991