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中國(guó)近代國(guó)家賠償制度探析

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-02-21 00:12

  本文關(guān)鍵詞: 國(guó)家賠償制度 中國(guó)近代 人權(quán) 冤獄賠償 出處:《西南政法大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文 論文類(lèi)型:學(xué)位論文


【摘要】:中國(guó)近代是中國(guó)歷史發(fā)展的特殊時(shí)期,在這個(gè)社會(huì)急劇轉(zhuǎn)型的大環(huán)境下,思想變革、法律移植以及本土化成為時(shí)代的標(biāo)桿。憲法與行政法就是在這一背景下開(kāi)始孕育產(chǎn)生,并指導(dǎo)了中國(guó)的政治進(jìn)程。作為分支的國(guó)家賠償理論也伴隨著人權(quán)理念的引入走進(jìn)中國(guó),打破了延續(xù)千年、毫無(wú)限制的國(guó)家權(quán)力專(zhuān)斷局面。在既無(wú)公法基礎(chǔ)、又無(wú)人民主權(quán)意識(shí)的中國(guó),能在短短數(shù)十年間使國(guó)家賠償?shù)挠^(guān)念得以生根發(fā)芽,甚至在憲法中得以體現(xiàn),不得不令人欽佩和學(xué)習(xí)。 本文重點(diǎn)論述從清末“洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)”到1949年這一階段國(guó)家賠償制度的移植、發(fā)展進(jìn)程,正文共分四個(gè)部分。 第一部分,介紹國(guó)家賠償制度的產(chǎn)生背景。18世紀(jì)的歐洲,隨著工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,新興的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)開(kāi)始登上政治舞臺(tái),對(duì)獲得財(cái)產(chǎn)和自由的保護(hù)更加渴望。隨著政府職能的不斷擴(kuò)充,公權(quán)力侵犯人權(quán)的現(xiàn)象越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重,然而在“國(guó)家絕對(duì)主權(quán)”的意識(shí)主導(dǎo)下,,受害者只能自受其果,這種現(xiàn)象引起了人民越來(lái)越多的不滿(mǎn)。隨著“社會(huì)契約論”逐漸被社會(huì)認(rèn)可以及人權(quán)觀(guān)念的發(fā)展,國(guó)家賠償理論開(kāi)始逐步發(fā)展,歷經(jīng)國(guó)家責(zé)任絕對(duì)豁免時(shí)期、國(guó)家責(zé)任相對(duì)豁免時(shí)期和國(guó)家無(wú)過(guò)錯(cuò)責(zé)任時(shí)期。政治制度和法律有其存在發(fā)展的規(guī)律,本部分通過(guò)分析國(guó)際上國(guó)家賠償制度產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)因,為描述其在中國(guó)移植、發(fā)展的過(guò)程做一鋪墊。 第二部分,通過(guò)史料分析中國(guó)國(guó)家賠償理念產(chǎn)生的基礎(chǔ)以及制度的引入。在洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)失敗后,資產(chǎn)階級(jí)先進(jìn)分子逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到,光從技術(shù)上學(xué)習(xí)不能改變中國(guó)落后挨打的局面,只有改變腐敗的封建制度才能從根本上達(dá)到強(qiáng)國(guó)的目的。從“戊戌變法”開(kāi)始,西方的制度、文化逐步引入中國(guó),人權(quán)觀(guān)念也開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)在中國(guó)的文字中。隨著先后的幾次文化運(yùn)動(dòng),人權(quán)觀(guān)念逐步深入人心,并最終成為憲法中的一部分。人權(quán)的觀(guān)念使人民通過(guò)法律保護(hù)自己財(cái)產(chǎn)和人身權(quán)利的意識(shí)覺(jué)醒,同時(shí)國(guó)家賠償理念開(kāi)始引入中國(guó)并引發(fā)學(xué)者關(guān)注。 第三部分,就國(guó)家賠償理念引入中國(guó)后學(xué)界的討論和立法情況。自1923年王世杰就國(guó)家賠償發(fā)表論文后,學(xué)界針對(duì)國(guó)家是否有責(zé)任進(jìn)行賠償、國(guó)家賠償?shù)倪m用的法律、賠償范圍等等問(wèn)題逐一進(jìn)行了討論。與西方學(xué)界理論相仿,先后出現(xiàn)了“國(guó)家無(wú)責(zé)任說(shuō)”、“國(guó)家代位責(zé)任說(shuō)”、“國(guó)家無(wú)過(guò)錯(cuò)賠償說(shuō)”等等理論。在法律界學(xué)術(shù)討論的過(guò)程中,統(tǒng)治者在立法上也逐漸承認(rèn)了國(guó)家賠償?shù)呢?zé)任,并在《行政訴訟條例》、《行政訴訟法》《土地法》、《警械使用條例》等法律法規(guī)中規(guī)定了國(guó)家賠償?shù)牧x務(wù),但這些規(guī)定僅為理念性的認(rèn)可,因過(guò)于粗陋,并不具備實(shí)踐操作性,因此學(xué)界就如何修改法律、制定國(guó)家賠償法展開(kāi)了研究討論。 第四部分,講述中國(guó)近代國(guó)家賠償制度的實(shí)踐,即冤獄賠償運(yùn)動(dòng)。冤獄賠償運(yùn)動(dòng)是國(guó)家賠償理論發(fā)展的一個(gè)高潮。針對(duì)國(guó)民政府時(shí)期尤其是1931年《危害民國(guó)緊急治罪法》頒布后大量存在的冤獄情況,以上海律師公會(huì)為首的律師界發(fā)起了“保障人權(quán)”、“維護(hù)法制”的冤獄賠償運(yùn)動(dòng)。本文詳細(xì)介紹了冤獄賠償運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展過(guò)程以及學(xué)者的主要論著情況,借以重現(xiàn)當(dāng)時(shí)賠償運(yùn)動(dòng)的全貌。
[Abstract]:Chinese modern is the special period in the history of the development of the Chinese, in the rapid social transformation of the environment, ideological change, legal transplantation and localization become the time benchmark. The Constitution and administrative law is conceived in the background, the political process and guide China. As a branch of the theory of state compensation is also accompanied by the introduction of the concept of human rights into the Chinese, broke continued for thousands of years, there is no limit state of arbitrary power situation. In neither the law nor the basis of people's sovereignty consciousness Chinese, in just a few decades the state compensation concept to take root, and even reflected in the constitution, but admirable and learning.
This paper focuses on the transplantation and development process of the state compensation system from the "Westernization Movement" in the late Qing Dynasty to the 1949, and the text is divided into four parts.
The first part introduces the background of the national compensation system of.18 century Europe, with the development of industrial economy, the emerging bourgeoisie began on the political stage, more eager to get the protection of property and freedom. With the continuous expansion of government functions, the power of human rights violations of the phenomenon more and more serious, however, in the "state of absolute the sovereign" consciousness under the guidance of the victims since only the fruit, this phenomenon has aroused people's more and more dissatisfied. With the "social contract theory" has been the development of social recognition and the concept of human rights, the state compensation theory gradually began to develop, through national responsibility absolute exemption period, the responsibility of the state the relative exemption period and country without fault the responsibility period. Political system and law has its law of development, motivation of this part through the analysis of the international system of national compensation for the description of the Chinese shift Plant, the process of development to make a paving.
The second part, through the historical analysis of introducing the concept of state compensation Chinese and the foundation of the system. After the failure in the Westernization Movement, advanced bourgeoisie gradually realized that the light of learning cannot change the poor situation of Chinese technically, the feudal system can only change the corruption fundamentally to power. From the beginning of the "1898", the western culture system, gradually introduced the concept of human rights China, also began to appear in the text. Chinese with several cultural movement has the concept of human rights is gradually accepted and eventually become part of the constitution. The awakening of the concept of human rights that people protect their property and personal rights through legal consciousness, at the same time the concept of state compensation and caused the attention of the scholars began to introduce Chinese.
The third part, introduce the concept of state compensation legislation was discussed and Chinese circles. Since 1923, Wang Shijie has published the state compensation, compensation for the national academic circles have the responsibility, state compensation law, the scope of compensation and so on were discussed one by one. With the western academic theory has appeared similar, "countries without responsibility", "national subrogation responsibility", "state of no fault compensation theory" and so on. In the process of academic discussion of the legal profession, the rulers in the legislation also gradually recognized the national compensation liability, and administrative procedure regulations in < >, < > > the administrative procedure law of the land law, police. The use of Ordinance and other laws and regulations in the provisions of the state compensation obligation, but these Provisions are only for the concept of recognition, because too clumsy, does not have the practical operation, so the academic circles on how to modify the law, the formulation of national compensation The compensation law has been discussed and discussed.
The fourth part tells the practice of modern national compensation system China, namely the criminal compensation campaign. Criminal compensation campaign is a climax of development of the state compensation theory. In the period of national government especially the miscarriage of justice there are a lot of cases in 1931 "endangering the Republic after the promulgation of emergency penal law >, the Shanghai Bar Association led by lawyers launched" the protection of human rights "," the criminal compensation campaign to uphold the rule of law ". This paper describes the major development of the criminal compensation campaign and scholars, in order to reproduce the motion picture. At the time of compensation

【學(xué)位授予單位】:西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】:D929

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3 董e

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