本文關(guān)鍵詞： 文化遺產(chǎn) 歷史建筑 英國城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃法 登錄建筑 保護(hù)區(qū) 國家信托　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：文化遺產(chǎn)的內(nèi)涵至今尚無權(quán)威性、統(tǒng)一的界定。但是無論從立法趨勢來看,還是從學(xué)理討論來分析,文化遺產(chǎn)都具有歷史、藝術(shù)、科學(xué)、景觀、環(huán)境等價(jià)值。作為文化遺產(chǎn)的一支,“建筑遺產(chǎn)”的概念來源于對國外較為成熟保護(hù)理論和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的借鑒,而“歷史建筑”是保護(hù)法規(guī)中的規(guī)范用語,有著明確的指代邊界。歷史建筑的歷史價(jià)值具有“時(shí)間的歷史性”與“使用的歷史性”,而建筑價(jià)值體現(xiàn)在原真性與完整性。在英國,自19世紀(jì)下半葉, 如野火春風(fēng)般的民間保護(hù)運(yùn)動不斷發(fā)展,在其推動下,立法與學(xué)術(shù)理論方向日益清晰,在促進(jìn)英國建筑遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)中擔(dān)任重要角色和積極力量。1947年《城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃法》的頒布,建立了英國現(xiàn)代城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃制度。城市規(guī)劃中的所有權(quán)優(yōu)先于建筑所有者的所有權(quán),不用經(jīng)過建筑所有者的同意,也無需相應(yīng)的補(bǔ)償,就可以對歷史建筑進(jìn)行登錄。1990年的規(guī)劃法合并,1990年的規(guī)劃法建立了英國登錄建筑制度的完整體系,給出了登錄建筑定義和法律程序,包含與登錄建筑開發(fā)、改建、拆除、公眾參與、產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系、財(cái)政資助相關(guān)的各項(xiàng)條款,允許登錄建筑的利用。登錄建筑制度作為英國城市規(guī)劃的重要組成部分,自上到下環(huán)境部與地方規(guī)劃部門分屬中央和地方的歷史建筑保護(hù)行政管理機(jī)構(gòu),上下級關(guān)系明確,職權(quán)分明。立法對于英國登錄建筑的選定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)劃許可申請的流程等十分明確,同時(shí)也賦予了其一定的靈活性。重視群體價(jià)值的保護(hù),對“引導(dǎo)變化而非阻止變化”始終持有積極的態(tài)度。英國保護(hù)區(qū)數(shù)量眾多,保護(hù)區(qū)的劃定是由地方政府確定的,沒有固定的程序,是整體特色的體現(xiàn),不一定包括登錄建筑。國家信托完全獨(dú)立于政府之外、具有特殊法律責(zé)任從事建筑與優(yōu)美環(huán)境的保護(hù)工作,推動英國建筑保護(hù)的發(fā)展。最后,針對我國文物建筑保護(hù)立法缺乏前瞻性、不夠細(xì)化明確、未能立足于城市規(guī)劃的高度對文物建筑進(jìn)行保護(hù),以及指定制度的自身缺陷、文物建筑保護(hù)與歷史文化保護(hù)區(qū)或歷史文化名城保護(hù)的管理有效結(jié)合等問題。在英國,除了歷史悠久的“在冊古跡”和一部分重要的“登錄建筑”歸國家所有以外,其余大多數(shù)私有,包括慈善團(tuán)體所有和私人所有。民間團(tuán)體沒有權(quán)利對建筑進(jìn)行實(shí)質(zhì)的保護(hù),只能徘徊在宣傳呼吁的層面上。除此之外我國缺乏相關(guān)配套的法律去監(jiān)管非營利組織,公民對非營利組織的運(yùn)作懷有疑慮,社會捐助數(shù)目少,非營利組織難以維持。對比中英兩國建筑遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀,對我國提出健全歷史建筑保護(hù)體制、完善歷史建筑保護(hù)制度和推動公眾參與機(jī)制。
[Abstract]:There is no authoritative and unified definition of the connotation of cultural heritage, but no matter from the legislative trend or from the theoretical discussion, cultural heritage has history, art, science and landscape. As a branch of cultural heritage, the concept of "architectural heritage" originates from the reference of foreign mature protection theory and practical experience, while "historical building" is a normative term in the protection laws and regulations. The historical value of historical buildings has "historical time" and "historical use of history", while the architectural value is embodied in originality and integrality. In Britain, since the second half of 19th century. With the continuous development of folk protection movement such as wildfire spring breeze, the direction of legislation and academic theory is clear day by day. Plays an important role and positive force in promoting the conservation of British architectural heritage. In 1947, the Urban and Rural Planning Act was promulgated. The modern urban planning system of England has been established. The ownership of urban planning takes precedence over the ownership of the owner of the building, without the consent of the owner of the building, and without the corresponding compensation. The planning law of 1990 and the planning law of 1990 established the complete system of the entry building system of the United Kingdom and gave the definition and legal procedure of the logon building. Contains provisions relating to the development, alteration, demolition, public participation, property rights and financial support of the registered building, allowing the use of the logged-in building as an important part of the British urban planning. From top to bottom the Ministry of the Environment and the local planning departments belong to the central and local administrative bodies for the protection of historical buildings. The relationship between the upper and lower levels is clear and the functions and powers are clear. The process of planning permission application is very clear, at the same time, it also gives it some flexibility and pays attention to the protection of group value. There has always been a positive attitude towards "leading to change rather than stopping it." the number of protected areas in the UK is large, and the designation of protected areas is determined by local governments. There is no fixed procedure and is a reflection of the overall characteristics. National trust is completely independent of the government, and has special legal responsibility to protect architecture and beautiful environment, and promote the development of British architectural protection. Finally. In view of the lack of foresight, detail and clarity of legislation on the protection of cultural relic buildings in our country, failure to protect cultural relics buildings based on the height of urban planning, as well as the defects of the designated system itself. The effective combination of the conservation of cultural relics and buildings with the protection of historical and cultural reserves or historic and cultural cities. With the exception of a long history of "registered monuments" and a number of important "registered buildings" that are owned by the State, most of the rest are privately owned. Civil society does not have the right to materially protect the building. In addition, there is a lack of relevant laws to regulate non-profit organizations, citizens have doubts about the operation of non-profit organizations, and the number of social donations is small. It is difficult for non-profit organizations to maintain. Compared with the status quo of architectural heritage protection in China and Britain, this paper puts forward to perfect the system of historical building protection, perfect the system of historical building protection and promote the mechanism of public participation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D956.1;D922.16

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