本文關(guān)鍵詞： 女性主義 女性主義法學(xué) 后現(xiàn)代　出處：《西南政法大學(xué)》2010年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：女性主義誕生至今曾出現(xiàn)過很多派別,其中影響較大的有自由主義女性主義,馬克思主義女性主義,社會主義女性主義,激進女性主義,文化女性主義,精神分析女性主義,社會性別女性主義,存在主義女性主義,后現(xiàn)代女性主義,多元文化與全球女性主義,生態(tài)女性主義等等。以女性主義理論為基礎(chǔ)研究女性法律上的權(quán)利與義務(wù)產(chǎn)生了女性主義法學(xué),它以改變女性低下地位,實現(xiàn)真正的男女平等為己任,因此在學(xué)術(shù)上具有較強的政治性和現(xiàn)實意義。 女性主義運動在女性主義法學(xué)理論的指導(dǎo)下曾取得不小的成就,女性的地位正在逐漸提高,她們在社會工作中扮演著越來越重要的角色。2009年有5位女性獲得諾貝爾獎,創(chuàng)造了該獎設(shè)立以來女性得主的一個紀(jì)錄。尤其值得一提的是以往的女性獲獎主要集中在和平,文學(xué)和生理或醫(yī)學(xué)獎,而此次除了這三個以外還獲得了經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎和化學(xué)獎。因此有人稱為“諾獎2009女性的勝利”。而據(jù)刊登在美國《時代》的《美國女性的生存狀態(tài)》一文的統(tǒng)計,到2009年底,美國史上將首次出現(xiàn)工作人口女性多于男性的局面,越來越多的女性成為家庭的頂梁柱。這既有女性個人努力的因素,也反映了社會對于女性的尊重和認(rèn)同,正是由于社會為她們提供了平等的受教育和工作的機會,摒除性別偏見充分肯定她們的價值,女性方有施展其才華的可能。但是“提高”還是“進行時”。就前面提到的兩個例子而言,在諾貝爾獎百余年的歷史上,截至2008年,共有789位獲獎?wù)?其中只有35位女性,不到獲獎人數(shù)的5%,2009年的情況或許只是偶然。而美國女性工作人口多于男性,也只是“首次”。 因此,當(dāng)下的社會整體上仍然是一個男性父權(quán)制的社會,只不過性別歧視的存在形態(tài)不再赤裸裸表現(xiàn)在制度層面,但是意識上的性別偏見和不平等仍然存在。女性整體地位的低下是各種因素共同作用的結(jié)果,有個體的,有家庭的,有社會制度的,有意識上的等等,而這些肇因并非孤立存在,而是不斷相互作用。意識上的問題可能會反映在制度構(gòu)建上,而制度又會反作用于人們的思想,最后使人無法分清性別歧視究竟是導(dǎo)源于既定的對規(guī)律的認(rèn)識還是制度對我們潛在的左右,或者說歧視究竟來自自然還是人為,用女性主義的話表述：女性可能是被“構(gòu)建”的主體。所以,雖然性別歧視不會在當(dāng)代制度尤其是法律制度上有不加遮掩的表達,但是只要平等的觀念未完全鞏固,意識將始終窺視著制度的構(gòu)建,此種潛在的威脅甚至使得在制度中肯定性別不平等也存有可能。因此從這個意義上說女性地位的提高并不意味著她獲得徹底的解放,而希望從思想層面徹底根除性別歧視亦預(yù)示了女性主義運動的艱難與曲折,那么在這樣一個過程中試圖充當(dāng)女性主義運動理論導(dǎo)向的女性主義法學(xué)理論本身是否恰當(dāng)?shù)負(fù)?dān)當(dāng)起了自己的重任,并引導(dǎo)這一運動朝著正確的方向發(fā)展? 本文將批判視角投向女性主義法學(xué)理論自身。女性主義運動并沒有取得徹底的成功,其中除了外在因素的影響外,其理論自身亦難辭其咎,從這一立論出發(fā)文章所希望探尋的問題是：女性主義法學(xué)理論的障礙是什么?這些障礙是怎樣形成的?如何擺脫這些困境?即遵循“是什么——為什么——怎么辦”的線索對女性主義法學(xué)理論進行自我剖析和反思。在這三個層面的分析中,視角是向內(nèi)的,但不是單一的。分析中依然會涉及社會制度等外部環(huán)境對女性主義的影響,但是文章的重心在于突出女性主義理論在接受“影響”時主觀上的誤區(qū)。文章的最終目的在于對女性主義法學(xué)理論進行客觀公正地評價,并以這樣的反思與批判使女性主義法學(xué)理論的發(fā)展能夠由自發(fā)走向自覺,試圖構(gòu)建新的理論框架。 第一章的主要內(nèi)容是通過分析逐漸梳理出傳統(tǒng)女性主義法學(xué)中存在的問題。雖然針對每一女性主義法學(xué)流派各個學(xué)者都有評價,但是與他們不同,本文將從女性主義法學(xué)整體的角度對之進行分析。歸納不同流派中共同存在的問題,分析不同流派之間的相互沖突,挖掘在不同的意見之下所隱含的共有缺陷。 在分析傳統(tǒng)女性主義法學(xué)的過程中,結(jié)合后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)的基本觀點,作者發(fā)現(xiàn)后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)為解決這些問題提供了有益的思路。因此本文的第二章將從后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)的角度對第一部分中所提出的困惑進行解答。該部分欲達到兩個目的：第一,從后現(xiàn)代的角度回答傳統(tǒng)女性主義法學(xué)的困惑所在；第二,從女性主義的角度對后現(xiàn)代進行解讀,挖掘后現(xiàn)代對現(xiàn)實問題思考和回答的邏輯路徑,澄清對后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)的誤解,試圖證明后現(xiàn)代并非簡單顛覆和破壞,后現(xiàn)代的主張反映了它對于女性問題的深刻反思以及在另類的理論背后所隱藏的對人類真切的關(guān)懷。 后現(xiàn)代解決了傳統(tǒng)女性主義法學(xué)的問題,但仍然“先天不足”,該理論的嚴(yán)重后果是可能致使整個女性主義的消亡,因此文章第三部分是對后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)的再反思,指出由于后現(xiàn)代女性主義本身的理論預(yù)設(shè)使得女性主義在走出傳統(tǒng)困境的同時又將陷入“后現(xiàn)代”的陷阱與詛咒中。 在后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)否定傳統(tǒng)女性主義法學(xué)之后,又隨著對后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)的反思,文章的最后部分作者試圖探索出一條新的女性主義法學(xué)研究道路——綜合女性主義法學(xué)。嘗試使女性主義法學(xué)超越傳統(tǒng)與后現(xiàn)代的桎梏,擺脫對某種“主義”的依附,歸納各個女性主義法學(xué)派別所關(guān)注的共同論題,綜合各家之言找到最有助于女性解放的路徑,從而為女性主義法學(xué)運動構(gòu)想出統(tǒng)一可行的行動綱領(lǐng),為未來女性主義法學(xué)的發(fā)展進行初步的探索。 第一章：傳統(tǒng)女性主義法學(xué)的理論困境。這一部分試圖從整體上對除后現(xiàn)代女性主義以外的女性主義法學(xué)理論進行分析和評價,找出女性主義法學(xué)自身所存在的理論缺陷,說明正是這些缺陷影響了女性主義運動預(yù)期目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn)。 第一,未擺脫父權(quán)制意識,無法實現(xiàn)徹底批判。這一部分說明雖然女性主義法學(xué)誕生于對男性父權(quán)制統(tǒng)治的反抗,但是大多數(shù)女性主義法學(xué)理論的前提都是對產(chǎn)生于父權(quán)制社會下男女既有特性的承認(rèn),使得女性主義法學(xué)難以實現(xiàn)其奮斗目標(biāo)； 第二,不觸動男性的既有利益而不斷迷失“自我”。女性主義法學(xué)對問題的解決往往并無觸動男性的既得利益,因此將原本嚴(yán)肅的問題演變?yōu)榕誀幷摬恍?男性旁觀竊笑的鬧劇。潛意識中不敢觸及男性權(quán)力,而實際以犧牲女性利益為手段,導(dǎo)致女性主義法學(xué)提出的解決辦法不僅沒有使婦女獲得自由,反而加重了女性心理和生活的負(fù)擔(dān),女性不斷迷失的“自我”強化了她的主體缺位； 第三,各派主張尖銳對立,非此即彼的選擇難以形成統(tǒng)一的行動綱領(lǐng)。女性主義法學(xué)不同流派中對同一問題的認(rèn)識和解決很難達成共識,因其主張是非此即彼而不是亦此亦彼的多項選擇,使得不同流派之間缺乏話語溝通,難以形成統(tǒng)一的行動綱領(lǐng)； 第四,女性主義法學(xué)理論及其運動的附庸性。該部分主要從理論的根源上說明,女性主義法學(xué)總是依附在既有的父權(quán)制下所產(chǎn)生的理論中,這種依附性在強化其合法性的同時卻不得不面對依附帶來的困境。由于源理論對女性問題關(guān)注的缺失,女性主義法學(xué)在借用的過程中為了保持與其理論的一致而不得不放棄基本的女性權(quán)利,并且這種附庸性使得它在論證中犯了“倒果為因”的錯誤。在現(xiàn)實運動中女性主義常被拋棄或背叛的命運,導(dǎo)致女性主義的發(fā)展舉步維艱； 第五,女性主義法學(xué)理論在法律中的體現(xiàn)。通過我國法律對事實婚姻的態(tài)度說明法律受到社會意識的影響,在制度中隱含了對女性的歧視,強化了性別的不平等。 第二章：后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)對傳統(tǒng)理論困境的解決。從后現(xiàn)代的角度對傳統(tǒng)女性主義法學(xué)進行反思,指出既有女性主義法學(xué)的理論困境所在。 第一,后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)概述。簡要介紹后現(xiàn)代的基本觀點,后現(xiàn)代與女性主義,后現(xiàn)代女性主義與法學(xué)之間的聯(lián)系,以及后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)的內(nèi)涵與外延。其中的重點在于論證為何以“后現(xiàn)代女性主義”為女性主義法學(xué)發(fā)展中的分水嶺； 第二,后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)反對理性的絕對統(tǒng)治,徹底擺脫父權(quán)意識。對理性的絕對推崇以及女性的非理性認(rèn)定,奠定了男性對女性的統(tǒng)治,因此女性要獲得徹底的解放必須對理性持審慎態(tài)度； 第二,強調(diào)差異,化解傳統(tǒng)理論論爭。后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)不僅關(guān)注男女之間的差異,更關(guān)注女性內(nèi)部的差別。在差異論的基礎(chǔ)上,后現(xiàn)代以極其特殊的方式化解了傳統(tǒng)女性主義法學(xué)中的論爭； 第三,從重視事實到關(guān)注話語,建構(gòu)女性主義法學(xué)新的批判武器。后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)一改傳統(tǒng)女性主義法學(xué)的立場,從事實轉(zhuǎn)向了對話語的重視。主張女性的自由與解放將依賴于構(gòu)建女性自己的話語,發(fā)出女性自己的聲音； 第四,后現(xiàn)代女性主義主張在法律中的表現(xiàn)——以強奸罪的設(shè)定為例。通過強奸罪這一罪名的設(shè)立說明法律語言在決定女性弱勢地位中的作用,以具體例子闡述后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)的基本立場。 第三章：后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)反思。由于后現(xiàn)代理論的特殊性,使得后現(xiàn)代女性主義在解決傳統(tǒng)女性主義法學(xué)問題的同時又產(chǎn)生了自己新的問題。 首先,相對主義在女性主義運動中的無能。由于對相對的過分強調(diào),使得后現(xiàn)代女性主義在反對男性父權(quán)制的同時也反對女性主義理論自身,并且無法從相對的角度去證明性別歧視的“非法性”,而且從邏輯上陷入“權(quán)力——話語”的悖論中,極大地影響了女性主義的政治力度； 其次,后現(xiàn)代女性主義反本質(zhì)存在誤區(qū)。承接上文,分析了后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)在反對本質(zhì)主義,強化相對論中的三個誤區(qū)：第一,相對是需要附帶條件的；第二,當(dāng)差異走向極端時會導(dǎo)致荒謬的結(jié)論；第三,多元文化并立是一個虛假命題； 再次,后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)是一個扼殺“女性主體”的法學(xué)。女性主義法學(xué)帶有后現(xiàn)代的意味,但是在其中女性是缺位的,后現(xiàn)代與女性主義法學(xué)之間存在著緊張的對立； 最后,盡管后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)有諸多不足,但它仍然帶來一些啟示。它重申了女性主義法學(xué)的合法性,并提醒人們對社會問題進行重新思考。 第四章：建構(gòu)綜合女性主義法學(xué)。這部分旨在從傳統(tǒng)和后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)中吸取教訓(xùn),構(gòu)建新型的女性主義法學(xué)理論模式。 凸顯女性主義法學(xué)的人文關(guān)懷價值,確立女性主義法學(xué)的合法性。明確女性主義法學(xué)研究的終極目的,澄清誤解,為女性主義的研究獲得更廣泛的支持和參與； 擺脫“主義”困擾,構(gòu)建獨立的理論體系。對“主義”的附庸,是傳統(tǒng)和后現(xiàn)代女性主義法學(xué)通病,新的女性主義可以以“問題”為線索,構(gòu)建相對獨立的理論體系； 重構(gòu)婦女的主體性。女性主體是客觀存在的,原有女性主義法學(xué)在這一問題上的共有缺陷在于,對女性的生物性別和社會性別沒有加以辯證地認(rèn)識,只強調(diào)其中一個方面而顧此失彼,新的女性主義法學(xué)應(yīng)在同時重視并區(qū)別兩種“性別”的基礎(chǔ)上重新構(gòu)建女性主體； 法律在共性與差異中尋求平衡。從對既有女性主義法學(xué)理論的批判,到新的理論的構(gòu)建,法律從中所獲得的經(jīng)驗是承認(rèn)女性與男性之間的差異,以及女性內(nèi)部的差異,與此同時亦看到女性之間,男女之間的共性,在共性與差異中尋求平衡,構(gòu)建保護基于生理性別的差異和淡化基于社會性別的差異的法律制度,最終實現(xiàn)所有人的平等和自由,使人回到本真而高貴的生活狀態(tài)。
[Abstract]:Feminism has had many factions, which have influence on the liberal feminism, Marx, feminism, socialist feminism, radical feminism, cultural feminism, psychoanalysis, feminism, gender, feminism, existentialism, feminism, postmodern feminism, multiculturalism and global ecological women. Feminism to feminist theory. For the rights and obligations of basic research on the female legal feminist jurisprudence, it to change women's low status, realize the true equality between men and women as their responsibility, so it has political and practical significance in science.
The feminist movement has made no small achievements in the theory of feminist jurisprudence under the guidance of the status of women is gradually improving, they in social work plays a more and more important role in.2009 years 5 women have won the Nobel prize, created since the award was a record of the main female. It is worth the previous female winners are mainly concentrated in the peace prize in physiology or medicine, and literature, and this in addition to the three outside also won the prize and the prize in chemistry. It is called "the Nobel Prize for 2009 women's victory". According to the statistics published in the United States the survival status > > < < times one of the women in the United States, by the end of 2009, the history of the United States for the first time the population of working women than men of the situation, more and more women become the mainstay of the family. This is the factors of female individual efforts, but also reflects the society for women The respect and recognition, because society provides equal educational and work opportunities for them, eliminate gender bias fully affirmed their value, women display their talents to the party. But "improve" or "when". The two examples mentioned above, the Nobel prize in 100 years of history, as of 2008, a total of 789 winners, only 35 were women, 5% less than the number of winners in 2009, perhaps just by accident. While the female working population than men, but also for the first time.
Therefore, the whole society is still a male patriarchal society, but the existing form of gender discrimination is no longer naked performance at the system level, but the awareness of gender bias and inequality still exist. Overall women's low status is the result of various factors, individual, family, a social system, consciousness and so on, and these cause not isolated, but constantly interact with each other. The awareness of the issues may be reflected in the construction of the system, and the system will in turn affect people's thinking, finally make people unable to distinguish whether gender discrimination is derived from established on the understanding of the law is the system on our potential, or discrimination come from natural or man-made, represented by feminist: the main female may be "constructed". Therefore, although not gender discrimination In the contemporary system especially the legal system with unabashed expression, but as long as the concept of equality is not fully consolidated, consciousness will always peep at the construction of the system, the potential threat and makes sure there are possible gender inequality in the system. In this sense does not mean the improvement of the status of women she liberated completely, and hope from the ideological level to eradicate gender discrimination also indicates the feminist movement difficulties and twists and turns, then in such a process of trying to act as the feminist movement theory oriented feminist legal theory itself is appropriate to take on their responsibilities, and guide the movement towards the right direction?
This paper will focus on the feminist criticism theory of law itself. The feminist movement is not completely successful, which in addition to external factors, the theory itself is also to blame, from this point of view in the hope of finding the problem is: what is the obstacle of feminist law theory? What is the formation of these obstacles how to get rid of these difficulties?? the answer "what - why - how" the clues of feminist legal theory of self analysis and reflection. In the analysis of these three aspects, the perspective is to, but not identical. The analysis will still involve the social system and external environment of feminism however, the focus of this article lies in the misunderstanding of prominent feminist theory in "influence" subjective. The final aim is to feminist legal theory Objectively and impartially, and with such reflection and criticism, the development of the theory of feminist jurisprudence can move from spontaneity to self-consciousness and try to build a new theoretical framework.
The main contents of the first chapter is through the analysis gradually tease out the existence of traditional feminism jurisprudence problems. Although for each feminist jurisprudence scholars have evaluated, but unlike them, this article from the perspective of Feminist Jurisprudence on the overall analysis. Summed up common problems in different schools, are analyzed the conflict between different schools, mining hidden under different opinions were flawed.
In the process of analyzing the traditional feminist jurisprudence, the basic viewpoint of modern feminist jurisprudence combined, the author found that the postmodern feminist jurisprudence provides useful ideas for solving these problems. The second chapter from the postmodern feminist jurisprudence perspective to answer the first part of this part of confusion. To achieve two objectives: first, from a postmodern perspective to answer the traditional feminist jurisprudence puzzles lie; second, from the feminist perspective of postmodern interpretation, the logical path of modern thinking on the practical problems and answer mining, clarify the misunderstanding of modern feminism jurisprudence on, trying to prove that postmodernism is not simple subversion and sabotage, postmodern claims reflects its profound reflection for women's issues and hiding behind the offbeat theory of human real concern.
Postmodern feminist jurisprudence to solve the traditional problems, but still "congenitally deficient", the serious consequences of the theory is likely to cause the whole demise of feminism, so the third part of postmodern feminist jurisprudence reflection, pointed out that because of the postmodern feminism theory itself makes feminism will also fall into default "in the traditional out of difficulties and post modern" trap and curse.
After the postmodern feminist jurisprudence deny traditional feminist jurisprudence, with reflections on postmodern feminist jurisprudence, the last part of the article the author tries to explore a new way of Feminist Jurisprudence -- comprehensive feminist jurisprudence. Feminist jurisprudence attempts to transcend the shackles of the traditional and the modern, get rid of dependence on a "doctrine", common topic summarized each feminist law factions are concerned, the views to find the path most helpful to the women's liberation movement, the feminist jurisprudence so as to conceive a unified programme of action feasible, makes a preliminary exploration for the future development of feminist jurisprudence.
The first chapter: the theoretical predicament of traditional feminist jurisprudence. This part tries to analysis and evaluation on the whole in addition to postmodern feminism feminist theory of law theory, to find out the defects of feminist jurisprudence itself exists, that is the defects in the feminist movement is expected to achieve objectives.
First, not to get rid of the patriarchal consciousness, unable to realize the thorough critique. This part shows that although the feminist jurisprudence was born against male patriarchy, but most feminist legal theory is produced in the patriarchal society and both the characteristics that makes the feminist law difficult to achieve its goal;
Second, do not touch the interests of both men and lost self. Vested interest feminist law to solve the problem is often no touch of men, so the original serious problems into women arguing, men watch snickering farce. The subconscious can not touch and male power, while the actual at the expense of the interests of women as a means this result, feminist jurisprudence solutions not only enable women to obtain freedom, but increased the burden of life and psychology of women, women continue to lose the "self" to strengthen her subject vacancy;
Third, view opposites, choose either this or that it is difficult to form a unified programme of action. The feminist jurisprudence of different schools are difficult to understand and solve the same problem to reach a consensus, because it is not either this or that claims to be this or that the number of options, the lack of communication between the different genres of discourse, it is difficult to form a programme of action unified;
Fourth, dependency of feminist legal theory and its movement. This part mainly from the theoretical origin, the feminist jurisprudence always attach generated in the existing under patriarchy theory, the dependence on strengthening its legitimacy at the same time, they have to face to the difficulties by the collateral. Due to the lack of theoretical source for women pay attention to the problems of the feminist jurisprudence in the borrowing process in order to keep its theory consistent and had to give up the basic rights of women, and the dependency of makes it made a "mistake in the argument put the cart before the horse". In the real movement of feminism often abandoned or betrayed the fate, leading to difficult development of feminism;
Fifth, embodies the theory of feminist jurisprudence in law. Through our legal attitude to de facto marriage that the law is influenced by the social consciousness, the system implies the discrimination against women, strengthening gender inequality.
The second chapter: the solution of the dilemma of traditional theory by post modernist feminist jurisprudence. From the perspective of postmodernism, we reflect on the traditional feminist law, and point out the theoretical dilemma of feminist jurisprudence.
First, the postmodern feminist jurisprudence overview. Briefly introduces the basic concepts of modern, postmodern feminism and postmodern feminism, between the law and the relation of connotation of modern feminist jurisprudence and the extension and the focus of argument. "Why postmodern feminism" divide feminist jurisprudence development in;
Second, postmodern feminist jurisprudence is against the absolute rule of reason, and completely get rid of the patriarchal consciousness. The absolute respect for reason and the irrational identification of women set the male's rule on women. Therefore, women must be cautious about reason when they want to be completely liberated.
Second, emphasizing differences and resolving traditional theoretical debates. Post modern feminist jurisprudence not only focuses on the differences between men and women, but also focuses on the differences within women. Based on the theory of difference, postmodern has solved the controversy in traditional feminist jurisprudence in a very special way.
Third, from the importance of the fact to the attention of discourse, feminist jurisprudence construction of new critical weapon. Postmodern feminist jurisprudence changed the traditional feminist jurisprudence standpoint, from the fact to discourse attention. Advocating women's freedom and liberation will depend on the construction of women's own words, a women's own voice;
Fourth, postmodern feminism advocates the performance in law. Taking rape crime as an example, the establishment of a crime by rape is used to illustrate the role of legal language in determining the vulnerable position of women. The basic standpoint of postmodern feminist jurisprudence is illustrated with specific examples.
The third chapter: the reflection of postmodern feminist jurisprudence. Because of the particularity of postmodern theory, postmodern feminism has created its own new problems while solving the traditional feminist jurisprudence.
First, relativism is incompetent in the feminist movement. Due to the relative overemphasis, postmodern feminism is opposed to male fathers.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D90

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