我國刑事司法鑒定差錯的法律控制
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-29 11:01
【摘要】： 司法鑒定是司法活動順利進行的重要保障,也是訴訟制度、證據(jù)制度不可缺少的組成部分。司法鑒定本身是技術(shù)性和規(guī)范性很強的活動,也是容易出錯的活動。鑒定的各個環(huán)節(jié)均存在可能致錯的因素,一旦某一環(huán)節(jié)存在問題,就有可能導致鑒定結(jié)論錯誤,且普通人難以發(fā)現(xiàn),釀成錯案也難以糾正；同時,科技本身并非是完全確定、毫無爭議的,再加上鑒定人的水平、能力和職業(yè)操守等問題,因此,現(xiàn)實中司法鑒定出錯不少。 目前,我國刑事訴訟法和證據(jù)法學界對司法鑒定錯誤的研究,還停留在個案研究及現(xiàn)象描述層面,雖然其中不乏真知灼見,但仍未能跟上司法實踐的需要。司法實務(wù)界也在積極探索避免或者減少司法鑒定錯誤的各種對策,但是,由于受檢材提取與保全措施、質(zhì)證程序、鑒定方法、鑒定技術(shù)設(shè)備等客觀因素的影響,以及鑒定人業(yè)務(wù)水平、工作能力、責任心等主觀因素的影響,鑒定意見的科學性和準確性往往得不到保障,面對一再出現(xiàn)的鑒定錯誤,司法機關(guān)也似乎束手無策。這種錯誤的產(chǎn)生顯然背離了刑事鑒定制度設(shè)計的初衷,不僅損害了鑒定結(jié)論和司法裁判二者的公信力,浪費了社會資源,而且可能制造新的不平等、不正義。 筆者對國內(nèi)外一些典型的鑒定差錯資料進行了分析和思考,對司法鑒定實踐中的差錯產(chǎn)生的規(guī)律進行了梳理概括,剖析了鑒定差錯出現(xiàn)的主客觀原因。其中,主觀原因主要是鑒定人故意作虛假鑒定；客觀原因主要包括檢材提取與保全的程序缺陷、當事人鑒定程序參與權(quán)的缺失、鑒定結(jié)論質(zhì)證程序的虛置及鑒定機構(gòu)計量認證體系的缺失,等等。 筆者提出了預防鑒定差錯發(fā)生的相應(yīng)對策,如建立檢材提取與保全措施、賦予當事人鑒定程序參與權(quán)、完善我國刑事鑒定結(jié)論質(zhì)證程序、構(gòu)建鑒定機構(gòu)計量認證體系。最后,筆者對完善刑事司法鑒定人的法律責任制度提出了參考意見。
[Abstract]:Judicial expertise is not only an important guarantee for the smooth progress of judicial activities, but also an indispensable part of the system of litigation and evidence. Forensic expertise itself is a strong technical and normative activities, but also error-prone activities. There are possible factors that cause errors in every link of the appraisal. Once there is a problem in one link, it may lead to the wrong conclusion of the appraisal, and it is difficult for ordinary people to find out, and it is difficult to correct the wrong case. At the same time, the technology itself is not completely certain. There is no dispute, coupled with the level of experts, ability and professional integrity and other issues, therefore, a lot of errors in the reality of forensic expertise. At present, the research on judicial identification errors in the field of criminal procedure law and evidence law in our country is still in the aspect of case study and phenomenon description. Although there are some insightful opinions among them, they still fail to keep up with the needs of judicial practice. Judicial practice circles are also actively exploring various measures to avoid or reduce errors in judicial expertise. However, due to objective factors such as material extraction and preservation measures, cross-examination procedures, identification methods, identification technology and equipment, etc., With the influence of subjective factors, such as the professional level, working ability, responsibility and so on, the scientific nature and accuracy of the appraisal opinions are often not guaranteed. In the face of repeated identification errors, the judicial organs seem to be helpless. This kind of mistake obviously deviates from the original intention of the criminal appraisal system design, which not only damages the credibility of the appraisal conclusion and the judicial judgment, but also wastes the social resources, and may create new inequality and injustice. The author analyzes and ponders some typical identification error data at home and abroad, combs and generalizes the rules of errors in the practice of judicial expertise, and analyzes the subjective and objective reasons for the occurrence of identification errors. Among them, the subjective reason is that the appraiser intentionally makes false appraisal, the objective reason mainly includes the procedural defect of material extraction and preservation, the absence of the parties' right to participate in the appraisal procedure, The conclusion is that the procedure of cross-examination and the absence of metrological certification system of appraisal institution, and so on. The author puts forward the corresponding countermeasures to prevent the identification errors, such as establishing the measures of material extraction and preservation, endowing the parties with the right to participate in the appraisal procedure, perfecting the cross-examination procedure of the criminal appraisal conclusion in our country, and constructing the measurement and certification system of the appraisal institution. Finally, the author puts forward some suggestions to perfect the legal liability system of criminal judicial connoisseurs.
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D918.9;D925.2
本文編號：2152472
[Abstract]:Judicial expertise is not only an important guarantee for the smooth progress of judicial activities, but also an indispensable part of the system of litigation and evidence. Forensic expertise itself is a strong technical and normative activities, but also error-prone activities. There are possible factors that cause errors in every link of the appraisal. Once there is a problem in one link, it may lead to the wrong conclusion of the appraisal, and it is difficult for ordinary people to find out, and it is difficult to correct the wrong case. At the same time, the technology itself is not completely certain. There is no dispute, coupled with the level of experts, ability and professional integrity and other issues, therefore, a lot of errors in the reality of forensic expertise. At present, the research on judicial identification errors in the field of criminal procedure law and evidence law in our country is still in the aspect of case study and phenomenon description. Although there are some insightful opinions among them, they still fail to keep up with the needs of judicial practice. Judicial practice circles are also actively exploring various measures to avoid or reduce errors in judicial expertise. However, due to objective factors such as material extraction and preservation measures, cross-examination procedures, identification methods, identification technology and equipment, etc., With the influence of subjective factors, such as the professional level, working ability, responsibility and so on, the scientific nature and accuracy of the appraisal opinions are often not guaranteed. In the face of repeated identification errors, the judicial organs seem to be helpless. This kind of mistake obviously deviates from the original intention of the criminal appraisal system design, which not only damages the credibility of the appraisal conclusion and the judicial judgment, but also wastes the social resources, and may create new inequality and injustice. The author analyzes and ponders some typical identification error data at home and abroad, combs and generalizes the rules of errors in the practice of judicial expertise, and analyzes the subjective and objective reasons for the occurrence of identification errors. Among them, the subjective reason is that the appraiser intentionally makes false appraisal, the objective reason mainly includes the procedural defect of material extraction and preservation, the absence of the parties' right to participate in the appraisal procedure, The conclusion is that the procedure of cross-examination and the absence of metrological certification system of appraisal institution, and so on. The author puts forward the corresponding countermeasures to prevent the identification errors, such as establishing the measures of material extraction and preservation, endowing the parties with the right to participate in the appraisal procedure, perfecting the cross-examination procedure of the criminal appraisal conclusion in our country, and constructing the measurement and certification system of the appraisal institution. Finally, the author puts forward some suggestions to perfect the legal liability system of criminal judicial connoisseurs.
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D918.9;D925.2
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