本文選題：說謊　切入點：測謊　出處：《中國政法大學》2009年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： “說謊”作為一個概念或者行為現(xiàn)象,不唯只凸現(xiàn)于當今社會,從目前我們所擁有的“吉光片羽”的古代文檔中,可以看出其在人類社會的早期就已存在。而上世紀80年代在兒童認知發(fā)展研究領域興起的第三次研究浪潮——圍繞“心理理論”的研究與探討,以一種“無心插柳柳成蔭”的方式將有關個體說謊發(fā)生、發(fā)展的研究向前推進了一大步,從信念的層面對說謊的界定問題注入了新鮮的血液。 而說謊行為在元道德的范圍內是絕對禁止,在一般社會生活環(huán)境中也是不被提倡的。但是,與這種道德要求或者說社會期待相左的是,在日常生活中,“謊言無處不在”。大量的研究證實,說謊是一種日常生活事件,它頻繁地出現(xiàn)于我們與他人的社會互動或社會交往中,對個體和社會的影響極深。這種影響是積極還是消極,人們的觀感并不統(tǒng)一。但是,無可否認,幾乎所有不同文化、不同種族的人類群體都嘗試著使用一些方法來“識別謊言”。并且,隨著認識的深入和經驗的積累,測謊方法的演進帶著明顯的精細化和有效化的趨勢。 在19世紀末到20世紀初的大約20多年里,一種借助醫(yī)學儀器(更為準確地說是生理采集儀器),且標準化和客觀性更強的現(xiàn)代測謊方法——心理生理測謊(Psychophysiological Detection of Deception,PDD)技術出現(xiàn)了,使得人類識別謊言的研究和探索前進了一大步。現(xiàn)今,PDD技術在司法領域大展身手,常會出現(xiàn)在偵查或審判中的關鍵位置上,有時甚至決定著審判的結果。PDD的應用引發(fā)了種種復雜的問題,涉及到了科學(scientific)、社會(social)、法律(legal)和倫理(ethical)等各方面,其中法律方面的問題尤為突出。這是因為,從整體上看,PDD技術的準確率始終徘徊在90%左右,其診斷結論還不足以達到法庭證據可靠性的要求。其次,它缺乏良好的科學理論基礎,“心理生理反應與試圖說謊的心理狀態(tài)之間并沒有建立起緊密的聯(lián)系”,沒有理論可以確定某種心理生理反應的出現(xiàn)是因為“試圖說謊”的心理狀態(tài)而非其它心理狀態(tài)導致的。另外,大量的研究已經表明,以皮電、呼吸和血壓為判斷指標的PDD技術可以比較輕松地被反測試技術打敗。 上世紀后半葉興起的認知神經科學(Cognitive Neuroscience)所發(fā)展的新方法和新技術為解決以上問題提供了可能性。功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)與事件相關電位(event-related potential,ERP)技術逐漸被應用于測謊領域中。其中,以P300這一ERP成分為基礎的測謊技術脫穎而出,并且在2000年首次應用于實案審判中。但事實上,P300測謊技術目前仍處于基礎研究階段,其測謊范式、理論基礎、診斷有罪或無辜的具體指標及其正確率、反-反測試的能力等問題都尚未解決。另外,作為一項來自心理學應用分支學科——法律心理學的研究,為未來的司法實踐服務應是本研究的基本立足點。因此,P300測謊技術在實務中的可操作性,以及已經在實務中廣泛應用的PDD技術所面臨的種種困境,也是本研究要面對的問題。 基于以上認識,本研究在模擬犯罪情景(mock crime scenario)研究方法的基礎上做了一定改進,并以此為探測事件,進行了一系列研究,共包括4個子研究。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):模擬犯罪情景和實案情景(real crime situation)之間的鴻溝是無法忽視的,模擬犯罪情景研究方法確有弱點;而在其基礎上的改進方法獲得了我們所期待的P300成分,證實了P300測謊的可行性;PDD以及P300測謊技術所依賴的最基本的心理機制應該是“意義效應(significance effect)”所引發(fā)的注意機制;最佳的P300測謊范式應是三刺激范式,并要求被試對靶和非靶刺激都做出行為反應;P300測謊確實有著良好的反-反測試作用,并可能具有較高的“擊中率”和“漏報率”,而這正是司法背景下對于無法避免的錯誤更傾向接受的局面。因此,P300測謊技術應用于司法實務之日并不遙遠。
[Abstract]:"Lying" as a concept or behavior, not only just emerged in today's society, from now we have "the ancient document, fragment of a highly treasured relic" can be seen in the early stage of human society has existed. And in 80s the last century in the field of research on children's cognitive development on the rise of the third wave around "study on the psychological theory and discussion, with a" gander "means the individual development of lie, a big step forward, from the face of faith layer defining problems lie and inject fresh blood.
Lie within moral behavior in the range of element is absolutely prohibited, in the general social environment is not being advocated. However, with the moral requirements or social expectations is different, in daily life, "lie everywhere". A large number of studies confirmed that lying is a daily event, it frequently appeared in the US and others or social interaction in social communication, deep influence on individual and society. This effect is positive or negative, perceptions are not uniform. However, there is no denying the fact that almost all of the different culture, different ethnic groups of people have tried to use some methods to detect lies. "And with the deepening of understanding and experience, with the evolution of polygraph methods refined and effective obvious trend.
At the end of nineteenth Century to early twentieth Century in about 20 years, with the help of a medical instrument (more precisely, and the physiological data acquisition instrument) standardization and objectivity of more modern methods of polygraph polygraph (Psychophysiological Detection of Deception PDD) technology emerged, makes the research and exploration of human recognition lies a big step forward. Nowadays, PDD technology in the field of judicial mettle, often appear in the key position in the investigation or trial, sometimes even determines the outcome of the trial has led to a variety of complex problems related to the application of.PDD (scientific), Social Science (SOCIAL), law (legal) and ethics (ethical) and other aspects, including the legal aspects of the problem is particularly prominent. This is because, on the whole, the accuracy of PDD technology has been hovering around 90%, the diagnostic conclusion is not enough to achieve reliable evidence in court The requirements. Secondly, it is lack of scientific theoretical basis of "psychological and physiological reaction and try to not lie between the psychological state and establish close contact, no theory can determine some psychological and physiological reaction because of the" state of mind to lie "instead of other psychological state caused. In addition, a number of studies have shown that the GSR, respiration and blood pressure as the judgment index of PDD can easily be anti testing technology beat.
Cognitive neuroscience in the second half of last century, the rise of the (Cognitive Neuroscience) new methods and new technology development provides the possibility to solve the above problems. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI) and event related potential (event-related potential ERP) technology is gradually applied in the field of polygraph. The polygraph the ERP P300 technology in talent shows itself as a basic composition, and in 2000 for the first time applied to a real trial. But in fact, P300 polygraph technology is still in the stage of basic research, the polygraph paradigm, theoretical basis, diagnosis of guilt or innocence specific indicators and the correct rate, the anti testing capability and other issues has not been solved. In addition, as a branch of applied psychology research from legal psychology, for future judicial practice should be based on the basic service of this study Therefore, the feasibility of P300 lie detection technology in practice and the difficulties that PDD technology has been widely applied in practice is also a problem that this research will face.
Based on the above understanding, the research in crime scene simulation (mock crime scenario) based on the research method is improved, and as a detection event, conducted a series of studies consisted of 4 sub studies. Study found that: the crime scene and real case scenario simulation (real crime situation) between the gap can not be ignored the crime scene simulation research methods have weakness; and the improved method on the basis of the obtained P300 components of what we expected and confirmed the feasibility of P300 PDD and P300 polygraph; polygraph technology relies on the basic psychological mechanism should be "significant effect (significance effect)" attention mechanism caused by the best; the P300 paradigm is three polygraph paradigm, and the subjects were required to target and non target stimulus response; P300 polygraph does have a good anti - anti testing effect, and may have a higher "Hit rate" and "missing report rate", which is a more acceptable situation for the unavoidable mistakes in the judicial context. Therefore, the application of P300 lie detection technology in judicial practice is not far away.

【學位授予單位】：中國政法大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D918.5

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