【摘要】： 據(jù)科學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì),自然災(zāi)害、突發(fā)事件等造成的創(chuàng)傷傷員在1小時(shí)內(nèi)死亡的數(shù)量約占創(chuàng)傷死亡的50%。二戰(zhàn)以后的局部戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)表明,30%-60%的陣亡原因是嚴(yán)重失血造成的,其中50%陣亡人員是可以挽救的,但是因?yàn)槭а^(guò)多,傷員在被送到救治機(jī)構(gòu)之前就已經(jīng)死亡,這表明有效止血是降低陣亡率的關(guān)鍵因素。 在惡劣的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境下,缺乏急救知識(shí)的參戰(zhàn)官兵自救互救的效果難以保證,這勢(shì)必會(huì)加大傷殘率,因而有必要采取有效的方法普及急救知識(shí),開(kāi)展急救技能培訓(xùn)。然而目前還沒(méi)有針對(duì)戰(zhàn)地急救訓(xùn)練的模擬人產(chǎn)品,戰(zhàn)地急救訓(xùn)練手段落后,戰(zhàn)士沒(méi)有急救的實(shí)踐機(jī)會(huì),實(shí)際操作能力不強(qiáng),培訓(xùn)工作停留在“光說(shuō)不練”的層面上。戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)有其特殊性,戰(zhàn)傷的救治不同于一般情況,因而需要針對(duì)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)特點(diǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)適合的急救訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)。本文研究針對(duì)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)傷需求開(kāi)發(fā)急救止血訓(xùn)練模擬系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)將改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有止血模塊的不足,其應(yīng)用能夠提高廣大官兵的急救止血技能。 目前,醫(yī)學(xué)培訓(xùn)模擬人在急救止血培訓(xùn)方面僅存在無(wú)控制的出血手臂,該手臂未量化重要血流壓力參數(shù),不能動(dòng)態(tài)顯示手臂肱動(dòng)脈血流壓力的變化。所以本課題的提出旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)急救止血訓(xùn)練中模擬手臂肱動(dòng)脈血流壓力和流量的變化,科學(xué)有效地為操作者提供真實(shí)的壓力手感,讓培訓(xùn)者進(jìn)行止血操作實(shí)踐。 止血模擬系統(tǒng)的研究具有以下意義:針對(duì)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)惡劣環(huán)境,戰(zhàn)傷特征,為學(xué)員提供醫(yī)療模擬訓(xùn)練,降低傷亡率;針對(duì)急救器材的研制,提供智能測(cè)試和評(píng)估的平臺(tái);可使非醫(yī)務(wù)人員如警察、民航乘務(wù)員、賓館飯店服務(wù)員等,明顯提高緊急救治動(dòng)脈出血的能力;為廣大醫(yī)療工作者提供了一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)急救止血技術(shù)的平臺(tái)。 本課題主要研究急救止血訓(xùn)練模擬系統(tǒng)的控制問(wèn)題。首先根據(jù)人體血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)理論,基于三元件Westerhof模型理論建立了止血訓(xùn)練模擬裝置;通過(guò)系統(tǒng)時(shí)域辨識(shí)方法獲得止血訓(xùn)練模擬系統(tǒng)的傳遞函數(shù)模型,設(shè)計(jì)控制器,進(jìn)行Matlab數(shù)值仿真,并優(yōu)化控制參數(shù);最后設(shè)計(jì)了以C8051F330為核心的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)了壓力信號(hào)采集及A/D轉(zhuǎn)換,運(yùn)用數(shù)字PID算法控制四聯(lián)閥,從而達(dá)到了肱動(dòng)脈壓力曲線的模擬。具體研究?jī)?nèi)容安排如下: 1、首先介紹了該課題的來(lái)源及意義;論述了血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)理論,主要分析了心血管系統(tǒng)各參數(shù)、血壓形成機(jī)理及影響血壓的因素;急救止血訓(xùn)練模擬系統(tǒng)裝置在國(guó)內(nèi)外還未有存在,本文就該系統(tǒng)的相關(guān)研究方面包括醫(yī)學(xué)模擬教育的發(fā)展,心血管系統(tǒng)建模的研究和全人工心臟測(cè)試系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行詳述。 2、然后進(jìn)行體外模擬循環(huán)裝置的建模。分析了心血管系統(tǒng)單彈性腔模型,基于Westerhof三元件彈性腔模型,運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)模型思想設(shè)計(jì)體外循環(huán)模擬試驗(yàn)平臺(tái),用功能相似的實(shí)驗(yàn)器材模擬順應(yīng)性元件、慣性元件和阻力元件,建立起與彈性腔模型相似,與體外循環(huán)原理相同的單回路血液循環(huán)模擬裝置。 以血流壓力和流量為研究對(duì)象,分析了被控對(duì)象的特點(diǎn),由于模擬血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)還具有流動(dòng)特性,元件加工誤差,物理模型元件的局限性,難以建立精確的數(shù)學(xué)模型。因此,選定了實(shí)驗(yàn)建模方法。要對(duì)控制裝置四聯(lián)閥進(jìn)行建模,四聯(lián)閥的開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)組合跟隨輸入的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)肱動(dòng)脈壓力信號(hào)而調(diào)節(jié)和控制液流壓力和流量。運(yùn)用二進(jìn)制概念設(shè)計(jì)四聯(lián)閥各開(kāi)度權(quán)重,四聯(lián)閥可以理解為一個(gè)閥門(mén)開(kāi)關(guān)不同權(quán)重的四個(gè)可以根據(jù)動(dòng)脈壓力范圍進(jìn)行調(diào)試四聯(lián)閥各開(kāi)度的權(quán)重,映射為四位二進(jìn)制值。根據(jù)四聯(lián)閥各閥門(mén)開(kāi)度的階躍響應(yīng)曲線性質(zhì)的一致性,將四聯(lián)閥理想化為連續(xù)系統(tǒng),運(yùn)用傳遞函數(shù)辨識(shí)方法對(duì)該系統(tǒng)分析求解,建立一合理的簡(jiǎn)化數(shù)學(xué)模型。 3、系統(tǒng)的控制設(shè)計(jì)與仿真。 控制器設(shè)計(jì)包括開(kāi)環(huán)控制設(shè)計(jì)和閉環(huán)控制設(shè)計(jì)。開(kāi)環(huán)控制中利用肱動(dòng)脈壓力曲線與正弦曲線的特征相似性,運(yùn)用Matlab-simulink仿真工具將正弦函數(shù)量化,取一定的采樣時(shí)間,依據(jù)壓力值范圍60～140mmHg,根據(jù)16個(gè)壓力值對(duì)應(yīng)時(shí)間調(diào)節(jié)四聯(lián)閥開(kāi)度及開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間,使閥的不同組合達(dá)到2~4種狀態(tài),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)血流壓力的調(diào)節(jié)。閉環(huán)控制中根據(jù)PID控制原理,理想假設(shè)四聯(lián)閥為連續(xù)系統(tǒng),且不考慮延時(shí),根據(jù)PID控制器特性以及二階系統(tǒng)的性能參數(shù)的函數(shù)關(guān)系,設(shè)定超調(diào)量和和調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)間,求解得到控制器參數(shù)值。仿真階躍響應(yīng)曲線與計(jì)算值的誤差在相對(duì)誤差范圍內(nèi)。 仿真分別進(jìn)行了開(kāi)環(huán)控制和閉環(huán)控制仿真。開(kāi)環(huán)控制仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)中,根據(jù)開(kāi)環(huán)控制原理,結(jié)果仿真的控制曲線達(dá)到了有效跟蹤預(yù)期的肱動(dòng)脈壓力曲線的良好效果,但延時(shí)較為明顯。閉環(huán)控制仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)中,由于四聯(lián)閥的組合控制16(2~4)種狀態(tài),是不連續(xù)的系統(tǒng),為達(dá)到真實(shí)離散控制效果,將被控對(duì)象量化,規(guī)定限幅區(qū)間。結(jié)果表明,控制曲線能夠?qū)斎胄盘?hào)達(dá)到相對(duì)較好的跟蹤,若閥門(mén)組合值達(dá)到64(2~6)種,將會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)預(yù)期輸入信號(hào)更有效的跟蹤。 4、最后進(jìn)行了樣機(jī)的試制與調(diào)試。樣機(jī)的試制依次在硬件電路設(shè)計(jì),控制軟件設(shè)計(jì)(數(shù)字PID控制設(shè)計(jì),上位機(jī)軟件界面設(shè)計(jì)),原理樣機(jī)進(jìn)行了敘述;對(duì)硬件設(shè)備、軟件系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了調(diào)試,并給出了控制結(jié)果。
[Abstract]:According to scientific statistics, the number of casualties caused by natural disasters and emergencies in 1 hours is about the local war after the 50%. after World War II. The cause of the death of 30%-60% is caused by severe bleeding, and 50% of them can be saved, but because of the excessive loss of blood, the wounded are sent to the medical institutions. Prior to death, this indicates that effective hemostasis is a key factor in reducing the rate of death.
In the harsh battlefield environment, the effect of self rescue and mutual rescue is difficult to guarantee, which is bound to increase the rate of disability. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt effective methods to popularize first aid knowledge and carry out first aid skills training. However, there is no simulation product for the training of battlefield first aid, and the training means of battlefield first aid are backward, The soldiers have no practical opportunity for first aid, the actual operation ability is not strong, the training work stays on the level of "light said do not practice". The battlefield has its special characteristics. The treatment of the war is different from the general situation, so it is necessary to develop a suitable first aid training system for the battlefield characteristics. The system will improve the deficiency of the existing hemostasis module, and its application can improve the emergency stop bleeding skills of the officers and men.
At present, medical training simulators have only uncontrolled bleeding arms in emergency hemostasis training. The arm does not quantify the important parameters of blood pressure and can not dynamically display the changes in the pressure of the arm's brachial artery. Therefore, the aim of this project is to realize the change of the pressure and flow of the brachial artery in the first aid hemostasis training. Learning effectively provides the operator with a real sense of pressure, allowing trainers to perform the practice of hemostasis.
The research of hemostasis simulation system has the following significance: to provide medical simulation training for students, reduce casualty rate, provide intelligent testing and evaluation platform for the development of emergency equipment, and make non medical personnel such as police, civil aviation attendants, hotel and hotel attendants to improve emergency treatment. The ability of pulse bleeding provides a platform for the majority of medical workers to learn the technology of first aid hemostasis.
This topic mainly studies the control problem of the simulation system of first-aid hemostasis training. First, based on the theory of human blood circulation system, a simulation device for hemostasis training is set up based on the theory of three components Westerhof model, and the transfer function model of the hemostat training simulation system is obtained by the system time domain identification method, and the controller is designed for the Matlab numerical imitation. Finally, the control parameters are optimized. At last, a single chip microcomputer system with C8051F330 as the core is designed to realize the pressure signal acquisition and A/D conversion, and the digital PID algorithm is used to control the quadruple valve, thus the brachial artery pressure curve is simulated. The specific research contents are as follows:
1, first, it introduces the origin and significance of the subject, discusses the theory of blood circulation system, mainly analyzes the parameters of the cardiovascular system, the mechanism of blood pressure formation and the factors that affect the blood pressure. The equipment of the first aid hemostasis training simulation system has not yet existed at home and abroad. This article is about the development of the medical simulation education in the related research of this system. The cardiovascular system modeling and the total artificial heart testing system are described in detail.
2, then the modeling of an in vitro simulated circulation device is carried out. The model of the single elastic cavity of the cardiovascular system is analyzed. Based on the Westerhof three element elastic cavity model, an external circulation simulation test platform is designed by using the mathematical model idea. The model is used to simulate the compliance element, the inertial element and the resistance element, and the model of the elastic cavity is built. A single loop blood circulation simulator similar to that of cardiopulmonary bypass is similar.
Taking the flow pressure and flow as the research object, the characteristics of the controlled object are analyzed. Because the simulation blood circulation system also has the flow characteristics, the error of the components and the limitations of the physical model components, it is difficult to establish a precise mathematical model. Therefore, the experimental modeling method is selected. The four coupling valves are modeled and the four joint valves are open. The state combination follows the input standard brachial pressure signal and adjusts and controls the flow pressure and flow. Using the binary concept to design the various opening weights of the quadruple valve, the quadruple valve can be understood as the weight of the four valves with different weights of a valve switch, which can be mapped to four bits according to the pressure range of the arterial pressure. According to the consistency of the step response curve of each valve opening of the quadruple valve, the quadruple valve is idealized as a continuous system, and the transfer function identification method is used to analyze and solve the system, and a reasonable simplified mathematical model is established.
3, the control design and Simulation of the system.
The design of the controller includes the open loop control design and the closed loop control design. In the open loop control, the characteristic similarity between the brachial pressure curve and the sinusoidal curve is used. The sinusoidal function is quantized by Matlab-simulink simulation tool, taking a certain sampling time, according to the range of pressure value from 60 to 140mmHg, and adjusting the quadruple valve according to the corresponding time of the 16 pressure values. The opening and switching time make the different combinations of the valve reach the 2~4 state, thus realizing the regulation of the pressure of the blood flow. In the closed loop control, according to the principle of PID control, the ideal hypothesis is that the quadruple valve is a continuous system without considering the delay. According to the characteristics of the PID controller and the function relation of the performance parameter of the two order system, the overshoot and the adjustment time are set. The parameters of the controller are obtained. The error between the simulation step response curve and the calculated value is within the range of relative error.
The simulation experiment of open loop control and the open loop control simulation experiment, according to the principle of open loop control, the simulation control curve achieves the good effect of tracking the expected pressure curve of the brachial artery effectively, but the delay is more obvious. In the closed loop control simulation experiment, the 16 (2~4) state of the quadruple valve is controlled by the combination of the quadruple valve. The result shows that the control curve can achieve a relatively good tracking of the input signal. If the valve combination value reaches 64 (2~6), it will achieve more effective tracking of the expected input signal.
4, the prototype is tested and debugged at the end. The prototype is designed in turn in the hardware circuit design, the control software design (digital PID control design, the upper computer software interface design), the principle prototype is narrated, the hardware equipment, the software system are debugged and the control results are given.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)人民解放軍軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：R82;TP391.9

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 趙一博;四容水箱過(guò)程控制裝置設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)[D];北方工業(yè)大學(xué);2011年

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本文編號(hào)：2139590