【摘要】：黑洞錯覺(black hole illusion)是飛行員在進場時常見的一種空間定向障礙(spatial disorientation),是飛行員在進場時未能很好把握空間和時間線索及飛行器與周邊環(huán)境的等距離線索而造成的一種視性錯覺,極其危害飛行安全。在黑洞進場事故中,進場飛行員會認為的感知到錯誤的深度和徑向距離。本研究擬回答2個問題:(1)被試在進場行為啟動時如何使用空間-和時間線索;(2)目標進場的速度如何影響進場行為。分為2個試驗進行:試驗一將進場角度和進場的速度進行控制,考查沿特定方向進場的飛機質點,被試將會何時開始啟動降落;試驗二將進場高度和進場的速度進行控制,考查對于沿著不同角度進場的飛機質點,被試將會何時開始啟動降落。并在此基礎上抽象出一個簡單的進場模型,探討被試的時間線索和空間線索知覺估計的情況。結果表示:(1)在固定角度和速度條件下,艦載飛行員進場要依靠空間和時間線索綜合考量進場,而不是單一得依靠空間或是時間距離線索;(2)在不同角度和速度條件下,艦載飛行員進場要依靠空間和時間線索綜合考量進場,而不是單一得依靠時間或是空間距離線索;(3)不論是哪種角度對于高速移動的目標進場時艦載飛行員傾向于低估著陸和進近時間,反之,對于低速和中速的目標進場時,則傾向于高估著陸和進近時間;(4)進場角度有一個最優(yōu)角度,并非線性變化,即使是最優(yōu)角度進場,也會在速度上影響到時間和空間線索的判斷。因此,不論角度和速度是否固定,艦載飛行員在進場時需要綜合空間和時間線索目標移動的速度會影響艦載飛行員對著陸和進近時間的估計;應提倡儀表和目視結合進場。
[Abstract]:Black hole illusion (black hole illusion) is a kind of spatial orientation obstacle (spatial disorientation), which is common in pilots when entering the field. It is a kind of visual illusion caused by the pilot's failure to grasp the space and time clues and the equal distance clues between the aircraft and the surrounding environment when the pilot enters the field, which is extremely harmful to the flight safety. In the black hole approach accident, the incoming pilot will consider the perception of the wrong depth and radial distance. This study aims to answer two questions: (1) how to use space-and-time cues when the approach behavior is initiated; (2) how the speed of the target approach affects the approach behavior. It is divided into two experiments: the first is to control the angle of approach and the velocity of the approach, to check the particles of the aircraft entering the field in a specific direction, when the subjects will start to land; In the second experiment, the height and velocity of the approach were controlled, and the starting time of the landing was examined for the particles of the aircraft entering the field at different angles. On this basis, a simple approach model is abstracted, and the perceptual estimation of temporal and spatial cues is discussed. The results show that: (1) under the condition of fixed angle and velocity, the carrier pilot has to rely on the space and time clue to enter the field, but not on the space or time distance clue alone; (2) under the conditions of different angles and speeds, the carrier pilots have to rely on the space and time clues to enter the field, but not on the single time or space distance clue. (3) the shipborne pilots tend to underestimate the landing and approaching time for the high-speed moving target at any angle, but overestimate the landing and approaching time for the low-speed and medium-speed targets. (4) the approach angle has an optimal angle, which is not a linear change. Even the optimal angle approach will affect the judgment of temporal and spatial cues in terms of velocity. Therefore, regardless of whether the angle and velocity are fixed or not, the velocity of the target moving in the integrated space and time leads will affect the estimation of the landing and approaching time of the shipborne pilots, and the combination of instrumentation and visual approach should be advocated.
【作者單位】： 陜西師范大學心理學院陜西省行為與認知神經科學重點實驗室;河北省衡水第一中學;
【分類號】：R85

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