本文選題：優(yōu)秀運動員 + 知覺預(yù)期��； 參考：《曲阜師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：知覺預(yù)期是運動員在運動情境中利用部分外界信息或先行信息預(yù)測即將發(fā)生事件的認(rèn)知過程。姒剛彥教授（2011）指出知覺預(yù)期能力是技能對抗類運動項目（如羽毛球，拳擊，籃球等）最核心的心理素質(zhì)。對知覺預(yù)期進(jìn)行有針對性的訓(xùn)練有助于提高運動員的競技成績。當(dāng)前已有的研究通過專家——新手范式獲得了大量證據(jù)，表明專家運動員比新手有更優(yōu)秀的知覺預(yù)期能力。但是專家運動員的這種優(yōu)勢存在于視覺信息加工階段、內(nèi)在加工階段和加工后機體反應(yīng)階段中的哪一階段抑或哪幾個階段？這個問題至今沒有充分肯定的答案。本研究針對這一問題進(jìn)行深入具體的分析研究。 前人關(guān)于知覺預(yù)期的研究往往將簡單反應(yīng)時，選擇反應(yīng)時和預(yù)期反應(yīng)時混在一起進(jìn)行探討，不能很清晰的區(qū)別專家和新手在知覺預(yù)期方面的差別。所以實驗一對專家——新手在簡單反應(yīng)時、選擇反應(yīng)時和預(yù)期反應(yīng)時上的差異逐一進(jìn)行分析，以便更清楚的認(rèn)識到專家比新手在哪些方面有優(yōu)勢。實驗一考察假動作任務(wù)和一般技能的預(yù)期反應(yīng)時以及二者相對應(yīng)的點刺激反應(yīng)時的差異，并結(jié)合ShujiMori（2002）的研究，從簡單反應(yīng)時到特殊技能的預(yù)期反應(yīng)時進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的分析。實驗一的結(jié)果顯示：從反應(yīng)時角度而言，隨著任務(wù)的難度的增加，專家運動員并沒有表現(xiàn)出比新手更明顯的優(yōu)勢。但是有假動作任務(wù)的反應(yīng)時比無假動作任務(wù)的反應(yīng)時長，這似乎說明了帶有欺騙性的行為對新手和專家起到的大致相同的作用。 實驗二在實驗一的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步研究，在存在預(yù)期優(yōu)勢的任務(wù)條件下探討知覺預(yù)期反應(yīng)內(nèi)在加工機制。實驗中將錄像刺激材料分割成不同的時刻點（t1—t9）。要求被試對不同時刻點的情境刺激進(jìn)行預(yù)期判斷，從而獲得在不同時刻定格點的準(zhǔn)確率和自信心評價進(jìn)行趨勢分析。通過對不同定格點變化情況的研究，得到假動作任務(wù)的預(yù)期正確率要低于無假動作任務(wù)的正確率；專家——新手在假動作任務(wù)中的正確率有差異，而在無假動作任務(wù)中二者差異很小。專家的預(yù)期自信心程度均高于新手，同時在兩組被試中，無假動作任務(wù)的預(yù)期自信心程度均高于有假動作任務(wù)。從t1時刻到t6時刻的各水平自信心程度差異較大，而t7時刻之后差異逐漸減小。 實驗三通過ERPs技術(shù)考察專家和新手在視覺信息加工方面的特征，并分析二者差異。實驗三在實驗二的基礎(chǔ)之上以專家運動員預(yù)期反應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)到80%且和新手有顯著差異的時刻點切割序列圖片作為實驗材料。參考經(jīng)典ERPs研究范式oddball范式，將有假動作任務(wù)以60%，無假動作任務(wù)以40%的比例設(shè)計，進(jìn)行知覺預(yù)期的ERPs實驗。實驗結(jié)果得到，額—中央?yún)^(qū)的N2成分的波幅和頂枕區(qū)的P2潛伏期、波幅以及（P3L－P2L）在專家運動員和新手之間均得到了顯著的差異。這表明在知覺預(yù)期過程中專家運動員更加注意早期視覺刺激為后續(xù)的認(rèn)知加工做準(zhǔn)備，并且更早的進(jìn)行信息編碼，更早的開始了對刺激的評估過程，但比新手花費了更長的時間來進(jìn)行評估。此外，通過腦電地形圖的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，，在知覺預(yù)期過程中腹側(cè)束和背側(cè)束相應(yīng)腦區(qū)均被激活，可以推斷背側(cè)束和腹側(cè)束聯(lián)合作用于知覺預(yù)期過程。 通過以上三個實驗，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)專家運動員之所以比新手有比較優(yōu)秀的知覺預(yù)期能力，有以下三個原因：（1）專家運動員只在復(fù)雜的具有專業(yè)特性的任務(wù)中展現(xiàn)出反應(yīng)時優(yōu)勢，這與其運動的熟悉性有關(guān)系；（2）因為對運動情境的熟悉性，尤其是比較有專業(yè)特性的任務(wù)，專家運動員有更強的自信心去完成任務(wù)，從而也表現(xiàn)出高的正確率；（3）專家運動員能夠更早的利用運動情境的長時記憶系統(tǒng)來進(jìn)行估計和作出決策�？偠灾�，隨著運動訓(xùn)練經(jīng)驗的增加，專家運動員在諸多方面積累了優(yōu)勢尤其是在信息加工能力方面的優(yōu)勢。另外通過腦地形圖發(fā)現(xiàn)腹側(cè)束和背側(cè)束在知覺預(yù)期過程中共同出現(xiàn)，這可能對傳統(tǒng)的知覺預(yù)期定義提出挑戰(zhàn)。
[Abstract]:Perceptual expectation is the cognitive process that the athletes use some outside information or information to predict the upcoming events in the sports situation. Professor Si Gang (2011) points out that the perception anticipation ability is the core competence of the skill antagonism sports events such as badminton, boxing, basketball and so on. It helps to improve the athletic performance of the athletes. The current research has obtained a lot of evidence through the experts - the novice paradigm, indicating that the expert athletes have better perception than the novice. But the advantage of the expert athletes exists in the visual information processing stage, the internal processing stage and the post processing stage of the body reaction. Which stage or which stage? This question has not yet been fully affirmed. This research has carried on the thorough and concrete analysis to this question.
The previous studies on perceptual anticipation often discuss the reaction time and the expected response when they choose the reaction time. It is not clear that the difference between the experts and the novice in the perceptual expectation is not clear. So the experiment is a pair of experts, when the novice is simply responding, the difference between the choice of reaction time and the expected reaction time is carried out one by one. Analysis, in order to understand more clearly the advantages of the expert than the novice. Experiment one examines the expected response of the false action task and the general skills and the difference in the corresponding point response of the two, and combines the study of the ShujiMori (2002) to the systematic analysis of the expected response to the special skills from the simple reaction time. The results of one test showed that, from the point of view of the reaction, the expert athletes did not show more obvious advantages than the novice, but the response time of the false action task was longer than that of the non action task, which seemed to indicate that the deceptive behavior was roughly the same to the novice and the expert. Effect.
In experiment two, on the basis of the experiment one, we further studied the intrinsic processing mechanism of the perceptual anticipation reaction under the predominant task conditions. In the experiment, the video stimulus materials were divided into different time points (T1 - T9). The correct rate of the false action task is lower than the correct rate of the non false action task through the study of the change of different setting points. The correct rate of the expert in the false action task is different, and the two differences are very small in the non false action task. The expectation of the expert is expected. The degree of self-confidence is higher than that of the novice, while in the two groups, the expected confidence level of the non false action task is higher than that of the false action task. The level of self-confidence varies greatly from the T1 time to the T6 moment, and the difference gradually decreases after the time of T7.
Experiment three inspects the features of experts and novice in visual information processing through ERPs technology and analyzes the differences between the two. Experiment three on the basis of experiment two, the time point cutting sequence images of the expert athletes' expected response accuracy rate reached 80% and the novice had significant differences. Reference to the classic ERPs research paradigm oddbal In the L paradigm, a false action task was designed with 60% and 40% of the non false action tasks to carry out a perceived ERPs experiment. The experimental results showed that the amplitude of the N2 component in the frontal central region and the P2 latency of the top pillow area, the amplitude and (P3L P2L) were significantly different between the expert athletes and the novice. In the process, the expert athletes pay more attention to the early visual stimulation for the subsequent cognitive processing, and the earlier information coding, early to start the evaluation of the stimulation process, but it takes longer than the novice to evaluate. In addition, the analysis of the brain topographic map shows the ventral bundle and the ventral beam in the perceptual anticipation process. The corresponding brain regions of the dorsal bundle are activated, and it is concluded that the dorsal and ventral bundles play a role in the perceptual anticipation process.
Through the above three experiments, we find that expert athletes have better perceptual anticipation ability than the novice. There are three reasons for the following: (1) expert athletes only show their advantages in a complex and professional task, which is related to their familiarity with the movement; (2) because of the familiarity with the sports situation, especially It is a task with more professional characteristics. Expert athletes have more confidence to accomplish tasks, and thus show high accuracy. (3) expert athletes can use the long time memory system of sports situations to make estimates and make decisions earlier. In short, expert athletes are in many ways with the increase of exercise training experience. The advantages, especially in information processing capabilities, are accumulated. In addition, it is found that the ventral and dorsal fasciculus appear together in the process of perceptual anticipation through the topographic map, which may challenge the traditional perception expectation definition.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：G804.2

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