某汽車制造廠主要職業(yè)危害因素及其對作業(yè)工人心血管系統(tǒng)的影響
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-24 09:34
【摘要】：背景目前我國有4000多家汽車制造企業(yè),每年生產(chǎn)制造的各類汽車超過千萬部。在汽車生產(chǎn)制造過程中,可產(chǎn)生數(shù)十種職業(yè)危害因素。2005~2006年間,以全國32家汽車工業(yè)企業(yè)作為研究對象進(jìn)行調(diào)查,揭示了工作場所存在的職業(yè)危害因素。其中噪聲、生產(chǎn)性粉塵、化學(xué)毒物和高溫等因素為汽車制造企業(yè)目前存在的主要職業(yè)危害因素。噪聲對人體可產(chǎn)生多種不良影響,尤其是對聽覺系統(tǒng)的特異性損害已被人們所公認(rèn)。此外,長期接觸噪聲,對人體內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)、免疫系統(tǒng)、心血管等系統(tǒng)也可造成一定程度的損害。長期暴露粉塵,尤其超細(xì)顆粒(UFP)粉塵,可引起呼吸道炎癥,甚至塵肺;粉塵還可透過氣血屏障,進(jìn)入血液循環(huán),引起動脈粥樣硬化、缺血性心臟病、心律失常等一系列心腦血管疾病,導(dǎo)致其發(fā)病率和死亡率明顯增高。汽車制造過程中,焊接等作業(yè)崗位在作業(yè)過程中會長期接觸低水平的錳煙(塵)職業(yè)有害因素,可引起職業(yè)性慢性中毒。本課題調(diào)查某汽車制造廠職業(yè)危害因素現(xiàn)狀,重點(diǎn)探討作業(yè)場所內(nèi)職業(yè)有害因素對作業(yè)工人心血管系統(tǒng)的影響。目的揭示汽車制造廠車間內(nèi)主要職業(yè)危害因素現(xiàn)狀;重點(diǎn)分析生產(chǎn)車間內(nèi)職業(yè)有害因素對作業(yè)工人心血管系統(tǒng)的影響。方法依據(jù)國家職業(yè)衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求,對長春市某汽車制造廠作業(yè)場所內(nèi)的職業(yè)危害現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行調(diào)查,對作業(yè)環(huán)境進(jìn)行檢測和初步評價。根據(jù)職業(yè)因素暴露情況,選取車間未接受職業(yè)暴露的278名后勤人員作為對照組;選取不同作業(yè)車間,不同工作崗位742名一線作業(yè)人員作為暴露組。兩組人員就業(yè)前均體檢健康,無心血管疾病史。按照職業(yè)健康體檢的要求,對作業(yè)場所內(nèi)作業(yè)工人的健康現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行調(diào)查,重點(diǎn)檢測血壓和心電圖變化。血壓測定方法:安靜狀態(tài)下,檢測者取坐位,測量右側(cè)肱動脈血壓,參照《1999年世界衛(wèi)生組織和國際高血壓聯(lián)盟(WHO/ISH)》規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),收縮壓≥140mmhg和/或舒張壓≥90mmhg為高血壓病。心電圖測量方法:安靜環(huán)境中記錄常規(guī)9導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖,診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照黃宛《臨床心電圖》進(jìn)行診斷。統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。血壓異常情況、心電圖異常情況采用計數(shù)資料,計數(shù)資料用百分率表示,組間比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn);計量資料用sx?表示,收縮壓和舒張壓檢測結(jié)果為計量資料,采用t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行比較,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)ɑ=0.05。結(jié)果1.主要職業(yè)危害因素:該汽車制造廠生產(chǎn)車間內(nèi),錳及無機(jī)化合物以及噪聲為主要職業(yè)危害因素。錳及無機(jī)化合物在二氧化碳保護(hù)焊工作崗位超標(biāo)率為20%,在弧焊工工作崗位超標(biāo)率25%。而噪聲在二氧化碳保護(hù)焊工作崗位超標(biāo)率為62%,在弧焊工工作崗位的超標(biāo)率25%。其余其他粉塵、碳氧化物、氮氧化物、苯系物、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、臭氧等因素指標(biāo)在國家范圍內(nèi)。2.收縮壓和舒張壓異常:按照年齡分層,對照組和暴露組內(nèi)各年齡組收縮壓、舒張壓分別具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P0.05)。暴露組收縮壓在30歲和30-歲年齡段均高于對照組(P0.05),但40-歲、50-60歲年齡組暴露組與對照組無差異(P0.05)。暴露組舒張壓在30歲、30-歲、40-歲年齡段均較對照組高(P0.05),但在50-60歲年齡段,暴露組和對照組之間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P0.05)。按照工齡分層,對照組和暴露組內(nèi)各工齡組在收縮壓、舒張壓均有明顯差異(P0.05)。暴露組收縮壓在10-、15-年工齡段均較對照組高(P0.05),但在1、5-、20-、40-年工齡段,暴露組與對照組間無顯著差異(P0.05);暴露組舒張壓在5-、10-、20-年工齡段均較對照組明顯升高(P0.05),但兩組在1-、15-、40-年工齡段舒張壓無明顯差異(P0.05)。按工種分層,暴露組各工種收縮壓、舒張壓均較對照組顯著升高(P0.05)。3.心電圖異常結(jié)果:按照年齡分層,對照組各年齡層之間心電圖異常率有明顯差別(P0.05),但暴露組各年齡層間則無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P0.05)。按照工齡分層,暴露組心電圖異常率與對照組相比均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P0.05)。4.高血壓患病率比較:按照年齡、工齡分層,暴露組與對照組患病率無明顯差異(P0.05);但按照性別比較,暴露組高血壓患病率明顯高于對照組(P0.05)。結(jié)論1.該汽車制造廠生產(chǎn)車間內(nèi),噪聲、粉塵、錳及無機(jī)化合物是主要的職業(yè)性危害因素。2.暴露組和對照組心電圖異常率無顯著差異。3.職業(yè)暴露有害因素可顯著增加了職業(yè)人群的高血壓患病率。暴露組收縮壓和舒張壓的改變與年齡及工齡有關(guān),表現(xiàn)為工齡10-20年以及年齡40歲以下的暴露個人收縮壓、舒張壓均較對照組明顯升高。
[Abstract]:Background At present, there are more than 4000 automobile manufacturing enterprises in China, and more than 10 million automobiles are produced every year. There are dozens of occupational hazards in the process of automobile manufacturing. From 2005 to 2006, 32 automobile industrial enterprises in China were investigated and the occupational hazards in the workplace were revealed. Noise, productive dust, chemical poisons and high temperatures are the major occupational hazards in automobile manufacturing enterprises. Noise can have a variety of adverse effects on the human body, especially the specific impairment of the auditory system. In addition, long-term exposure to noise, on the human body's secretory system, immune system, cardiovascular system. Long-term exposure to dust, especially ultrafine particle (UFP) dust, can cause respiratory inflammation, even pneumoconiosis; dust can also enter the blood circulation through the air-blood barrier, causing atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia and a series of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, leading to its morbidity and mortality. In the process of automobile manufacturing, welding and other jobs will be exposed to low levels of Manganese Fume (dust) occupational hazards for a long time, which may cause occupational chronic poisoning. This paper investigates the status of occupational hazards in an automobile factory, focusing on the occupational hazards in the workplace on the cardiovascular system of workers. OBJECTIVE To reveal the status quo of major occupational hazards in the workshop of an automobile manufacturer, and to analyze the influence of occupational hazards on cardiovascular system of workers. According to the exposure of occupational factors, 278 logisticians were selected as the control group, 742 frontline workers from different workshops and different jobs were selected as the exposure group. To investigate the health status of workers in the workplace, and to examine the changes of blood pressure and electrocardiogram. Methods of electrocardiogram measurement: Routine 9-lead electrocardiogram was recorded in quiet environment. Diagnostic criteria were made according to Huang Wan < clinical electrocardiogram >. SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results 1. Major occupational hazards: Manganese and inorganic compounds and noise were the main occupational hazards in the workshop of the automobile factory. Manganese and inorganic compounds were the second. The rate of exceeding standard in carbon dioxide shielded welding is 20%, in arc welding is 25%. The rate of noise exceeding standard in carbon dioxide shielded welding is 62%, in arc welding is 25%. Other dust, carbon oxide, nitrogen oxide, benzene series, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ozone and other factors are in the national standard. Peripheral. 2. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure abnormalities: According to age stratification, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of each age group in the control group and the exposed group were statistically different (P 0.05). The systolic blood pressure of the exposed group was higher than that of the control group at the age of 30 and 30-year-old (P 0.05), but there was no difference between the exposed group and the control group (P 0.05). Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly different between the exposed group and the control group (P 0.05). The systolic blood pressure in the exposed group was higher than that in the control group (P 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the exposed group and the control group in 1,5-, 20-, 40-year working age (P 0.05); the diastolic blood pressure of the exposed group was significantly higher in 5-, 10-, 20-year working age than that of the control group (P 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in 1-, 15-, 40-year working age (P 0.05). Results: According to age stratification, the abnormal rate of ECG in the control group was significantly different (P 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the exposed group and the control group (P 0.05). According to age stratification, the abnormal rate of ECG in the exposed group had no statistical difference compared with the control group (P 0.05). 4. The prevalence of hypertension in the exposed group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P 0.05). Conclusion 1. Noise, dust, manganese and inorganic compounds were the main occupational hazards in the workshop of the automobile factory. The changes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the exposed group were related to age and age. The changes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the exposed group were significantly higher than those in the control group.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：R135
本文編號：2200407
[Abstract]:Background At present, there are more than 4000 automobile manufacturing enterprises in China, and more than 10 million automobiles are produced every year. There are dozens of occupational hazards in the process of automobile manufacturing. From 2005 to 2006, 32 automobile industrial enterprises in China were investigated and the occupational hazards in the workplace were revealed. Noise, productive dust, chemical poisons and high temperatures are the major occupational hazards in automobile manufacturing enterprises. Noise can have a variety of adverse effects on the human body, especially the specific impairment of the auditory system. In addition, long-term exposure to noise, on the human body's secretory system, immune system, cardiovascular system. Long-term exposure to dust, especially ultrafine particle (UFP) dust, can cause respiratory inflammation, even pneumoconiosis; dust can also enter the blood circulation through the air-blood barrier, causing atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia and a series of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, leading to its morbidity and mortality. In the process of automobile manufacturing, welding and other jobs will be exposed to low levels of Manganese Fume (dust) occupational hazards for a long time, which may cause occupational chronic poisoning. This paper investigates the status of occupational hazards in an automobile factory, focusing on the occupational hazards in the workplace on the cardiovascular system of workers. OBJECTIVE To reveal the status quo of major occupational hazards in the workshop of an automobile manufacturer, and to analyze the influence of occupational hazards on cardiovascular system of workers. According to the exposure of occupational factors, 278 logisticians were selected as the control group, 742 frontline workers from different workshops and different jobs were selected as the exposure group. To investigate the health status of workers in the workplace, and to examine the changes of blood pressure and electrocardiogram. Methods of electrocardiogram measurement: Routine 9-lead electrocardiogram was recorded in quiet environment. Diagnostic criteria were made according to Huang Wan < clinical electrocardiogram >. SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results 1. Major occupational hazards: Manganese and inorganic compounds and noise were the main occupational hazards in the workshop of the automobile factory. Manganese and inorganic compounds were the second. The rate of exceeding standard in carbon dioxide shielded welding is 20%, in arc welding is 25%. The rate of noise exceeding standard in carbon dioxide shielded welding is 62%, in arc welding is 25%. Other dust, carbon oxide, nitrogen oxide, benzene series, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ozone and other factors are in the national standard. Peripheral. 2. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure abnormalities: According to age stratification, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of each age group in the control group and the exposed group were statistically different (P 0.05). The systolic blood pressure of the exposed group was higher than that of the control group at the age of 30 and 30-year-old (P 0.05), but there was no difference between the exposed group and the control group (P 0.05). Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly different between the exposed group and the control group (P 0.05). The systolic blood pressure in the exposed group was higher than that in the control group (P 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the exposed group and the control group in 1,5-, 20-, 40-year working age (P 0.05); the diastolic blood pressure of the exposed group was significantly higher in 5-, 10-, 20-year working age than that of the control group (P 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in 1-, 15-, 40-year working age (P 0.05). Results: According to age stratification, the abnormal rate of ECG in the control group was significantly different (P 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the exposed group and the control group (P 0.05). According to age stratification, the abnormal rate of ECG in the exposed group had no statistical difference compared with the control group (P 0.05). 4. The prevalence of hypertension in the exposed group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P 0.05). Conclusion 1. Noise, dust, manganese and inorganic compounds were the main occupational hazards in the workshop of the automobile factory. The changes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the exposed group were related to age and age. The changes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the exposed group were significantly higher than those in the control group.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：R135
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