本文選題：食物 + 營(yíng)養(yǎng)素　； 參考：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：1 目的(1)了解楊浦區(qū)居民營(yíng)養(yǎng)素和各類(lèi)食物攝入狀況,掌握居民膳食結(jié)構(gòu)及其變化情況。(2)掌握楊浦區(qū)居民超重/肥胖、高血壓、高血糖、血脂異常等相關(guān)慢性病患病水平。(3)探討居民膳食、行為(包括吸煙、飲酒、鍛煉)和生活方式(包括出行方式和時(shí)間、睡眠、做家務(wù)及靜坐時(shí)間)與健康狀況之間的關(guān)系。2方法采用多階段分層整群隨機(jī)抽樣的方法,于2012年在楊浦區(qū)11個(gè)街道中隨機(jī)抽取3個(gè)街道作為營(yíng)養(yǎng)與健康狀況調(diào)查的調(diào)查點(diǎn),從中抽取103戶(hù)的所有家庭成員為調(diào)查對(duì)象。對(duì)所有成員取得知情同意的情況下,進(jìn)行面對(duì)面詢(xún)問(wèn)調(diào)查、醫(yī)學(xué)體檢、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)和膳食調(diào)查。膳食調(diào)查采用連續(xù)3天24小時(shí)回顧法記錄家庭成員的食物消費(fèi)數(shù)量及“稱(chēng)重法”記錄家庭調(diào)味品消費(fèi)數(shù)量。利用《中國(guó)食物成分表第2版》和《中國(guó)食物成分表2004》中每種食物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)素含量及Excel2007軟件創(chuàng)建食物營(yíng)養(yǎng)素成分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù),進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)人日食物攝入量、能量及營(yíng)養(yǎng)素?cái)z入量及膳食結(jié)構(gòu)等。應(yīng)用SPSS16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,不同性別、年齡間BMI值、收縮壓、舒張壓水平等的均數(shù)比較用t檢驗(yàn)、方差分析等,慢性病患病率的比較用卡方檢驗(yàn)、患病趨勢(shì)用趨勢(shì)檢驗(yàn),膳食與健康狀況之間關(guān)系的探討用二元logistic回歸模型,分析其影響因素。3結(jié)果3.1膳食及營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況(1)各類(lèi)食物的攝入量：居民平均每標(biāo)準(zhǔn)人日糧谷薯類(lèi)食物及其制品攝入量為317.0g,蔬菜類(lèi)攝入量為425.2g,水果攝入量為102.7g,畜禽肉類(lèi)及其制品攝入量為183.6g,水產(chǎn)類(lèi)及其制品攝入量為92.8g,奶類(lèi)及其制品攝入量為127.9g,豆類(lèi)及其制品攝入量為25.9g,食用油攝入量為32.8g,食鹽攝入量為6.8g,醬油攝入量為9.6g,飲用水及飲料攝入量為637.7g。(2)能量和各種營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的攝入量：居民每標(biāo)準(zhǔn)人日能量攝入為2293.Okcal,居民平均每標(biāo)準(zhǔn)人日蛋白質(zhì)攝入量為94.0g,脂肪攝入量為96.6g,碳水化合物攝入量為272.5g,維生素A攝入量為780.9μgRE,維生素B1攝入量為1.1mg,維生素B2攝入量為1.3mg,尼克酸攝入量為22.1 mg,維生素C攝入量為152.3mg,維生素E攝入量為33.6mg,鈣攝入量為672.5mg,磷攝入量為1281.4mg,鉀攝入量為2,673.7mg,鈉攝入量為4560.8mg,鎂攝入量為367.8mg,鐵攝入量為25.2mg,鋅攝入量為13.8mg,硒攝入量為66.6 μg,銅攝入量為2.3mg,錳攝入量為6.6mg。(3)各類(lèi)食物的供能百分比：居民糧谷類(lèi)食物提供的能量占總能量的29.3%,動(dòng)物性食物提供的能量占總能量的28.8%,純熱能食物提供的能量占15.8%,豆類(lèi)提供的能量占總能量的3.0%,其他食物提供的能量占總能量的23.1%。(4)三大產(chǎn)能營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的供能百分比及蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪的食物來(lái)源：蛋白質(zhì)提供能量的比例為16.5%,脂肪提供能量的比例為37.8%,碳水化合物提供能量的比例為45.7%,與07年比較,能量來(lái)源于脂肪和蛋白質(zhì)的比例降低,來(lái)源與碳水化合物的比例升高(P值均0.001)。居民膳食蛋白質(zhì)19.0%來(lái)源于谷類(lèi)及其制品,6.4%來(lái)源于豆類(lèi)及其制品,49.3%來(lái)源于動(dòng)物性食物,25.4%來(lái)源于其他食物,優(yōu)質(zhì)蛋白質(zhì)的比例為55.7%。居民膳食脂肪來(lái)源于動(dòng)物性食物的平均為48.6%,來(lái)源于植物性食物的平均為51.4%。(5)15歲及以上居民平均每天睡眠時(shí)間為7.5小時(shí),居民步行、騎車(chē)和坐車(chē)出行方式的比例分別為31.8%、20.2%、48.0%,平均每天所有出行時(shí)間為67.9分鐘,平均每天做家務(wù)時(shí)間為76.7分鐘,平均每天靜坐時(shí)間為2.9小時(shí)。居民參加鍛煉的比例為33.0%,參加鍛煉的居民平均每天鍛煉53.6分鐘。居民飲酒率為13.7%,吸煙率12.9%,吸煙率和飲酒率均為男性高于女性(P均0.001)3.2總體健康狀態(tài)(1)居民健康狀況自評(píng)良好、一般、較差的分別占63.5%、32.6%、3.9%,各年齡組健康自評(píng)有差別,60歲及以上老年人較15-44歲及45-59歲人群健康自評(píng)狀況較差(P0.001)。(2)居民工作和家務(wù)活動(dòng)能力無(wú)困難、一般、有困難的比例分別為84.1%、14.2%、1.7%,各年齡段工作和家務(wù)活動(dòng)能力有差別,60歲及以上老年人較15～44歲及45-59歲人群工作和家務(wù)活動(dòng)能力較差(P0.001)。(3)居民身體機(jī)能平均得分為22分,各年齡段身體機(jī)能得分有差別,60歲及以上老年人較15-44歲及45-59歲人群身體機(jī)能較差(P0.001)。3.3慢性病患病率及與膳食、體力活動(dòng)的關(guān)系(1)居民腰圍平均水平為81.9±9.8(cm),臀圍平均水平為93.8±6.9(cm),居民腹型肥胖患病率為44.8%,腹型肥胖人群其FBG、TG、SBP平均水均較對(duì)照組高(P值均0.05)。(2)居民平均BMI值為23.94±3.55(kg/m2),居民超重率為42.3%、肥胖率為5.6%,兩者之和為47.9%。家庭人均收入≥5萬(wàn)和能量攝入/RNI≥100%是肥胖的危險(xiǎn)因素。(3)居民收縮壓為133±22(mmHg),舒張壓為84±12(mmHg),年齡越大,收縮壓和舒張壓越大,均有隨著年齡增加而升高的趨勢(shì)(P值均0.05)。居民高血壓粗患病率為50.7%,隨年齡增加,高血壓患病率有升高的趨勢(shì)(P0.001),中老年人群高血壓的患病率均超過(guò)50%,高年齡、食鹽量≥6g/d、超重/肥胖是高雪壓的危險(xiǎn)因素,體育鍛煉則是高血壓的保護(hù)因素。(4)居民血糖平均水平為5.48±1.65(mmol/L),居民高血糖患病率14.4%,碳水化合物供能比65%、腹型肥胖是高血糖的危險(xiǎn)因素。(5)居民血漿總膽固醇平均水平為4.60±0.89(mmol/L),血漿甘油三酯平均水平為1.40±0.99(mmol/L),高膽固醇血癥患病率為9.5%,高甘油三酯血癥患病率為24.6%,膽固醇邊緣升高患病率為12.8%,血脂異�；疾÷蕿�31.8%。高年齡和看電視玩游戲等靜坐時(shí)間≥4h/d是高膽固醇血癥的危險(xiǎn)因素,體育鍛煉是高甘油三脂血癥的保護(hù)因素。4結(jié)論4.1膳食質(zhì)量趨于優(yōu)化,但膳食結(jié)構(gòu)不合理居民膳食狀況逐漸改善,膳食質(zhì)量趨于優(yōu)化,能量來(lái)源于脂肪和蛋白質(zhì)的比例較07年降低,來(lái)源于碳水化合物的比例增高。居民平均每標(biāo)準(zhǔn)人日能量攝入為2291.0kcal,達(dá)到中國(guó)居民膳食指南能量參考攝入量的合理范圍(1800-2300kcal),糧谷類(lèi)、蔬菜、魚(yú)蝦類(lèi)的攝入量則基本達(dá)到要求,但居民仍存在膳食結(jié)構(gòu)不合理的問(wèn)題,如水果、奶類(lèi)、水、大豆類(lèi)及堅(jiān)果的攝入不足,畜禽肉類(lèi)、蛋類(lèi)、食用油和鹽的攝入過(guò)高。膳食能量攝入中來(lái)源于脂肪的供能過(guò)高,碳水化合物供能過(guò)低。同時(shí)一些礦物質(zhì)和維生素(如鈣、鋅、維生素A、維生素B1、維生素B2)的攝入量未達(dá)到推薦攝入量,居民蛋白質(zhì)、鋅、硒、維生素B1、維生素B2、維生素C攝入不足。4.2不健康的行為和生活方式較嚴(yán)重居民業(yè)余靜息活動(dòng)時(shí)間平均為2.9小時(shí)／天,高于2002年全國(guó)居民統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)2.5小時(shí)／天。坐車(chē)已成為楊浦區(qū)居民最主要的交通方式,居民鍛煉參與率較低,僅為33.0%,尤其是青年人。男性居民吸煙、飲酒比例較高。4.3慢性病患病水平較高居民超重／肥胖、高血壓、高血糖、高膽固醇血癥、高甘油三酯血癥及血脂異常等慢性疾病的患病率均處于較高水平且有向年輕化發(fā)展的趨勢(shì),分析發(fā)現(xiàn)不健康的飲食、體力活動(dòng)較少與這些慢性病的發(fā)病有較大聯(lián)系。
[Abstract]:1 (1) to understand the nutritional status of Yangpu District residents and all kinds of food intake, to grasp the dietary structure and changes of residents. (2) to grasp the level of chronic diseases related to overweight / obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and abnormal blood lipid in Yangpu District residents. (3) discuss the diet, behavior (including smoking, drinking, exercise) and lifestyle (including travel). The relationship between mode and time, sleep, housework and sitting time) and health status is.2 method using multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. In 2012, 3 streets were randomly selected from 11 streets in Yangpu District as the investigation point of nutrition and health survey. All the family members of 103 households were selected as the subjects. When all members got informed consent, they conducted face-to-face inquiries, medical examinations, laboratory tests and dietary surveys. The dietary survey recorded family members' food consumption by 3 days and 24 hours of review and the amount of household condiments recorded by "weighing method". "China food composition table second > and < China). The nutrient content of each food in the food composition table 2004> and the database of Excel2007 software to create food nutrients were used to analyze the standard daily food intake, energy and nutrient intake and dietary structure. The SPSS16.0 software was used for statistical analysis, with different sex, age BMI, systolic pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Compared with t test, variance analysis and so on, the comparison of the prevalence of chronic diseases was compared with the chi square test, the trend test of the prevalence of the disease, the relationship between the diet and the health status, the two yuan logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting the factors.3 results, 3.1 meals and nutritional status (1) of all kinds of food intake: the average daily population per person day. The intake of grain and grain and its products were 317.0g, the intake of vegetables and vegetables was 425.2g, fruit intake was 102.7g, the intake of livestock and poultry meat and its products was 183.6g, the intake of aquatic products and their products was 92.8g, the intake of milk and its products was 127.9g, the intake of beans and their products was 25.9g, the consumption of edible oil was 32.8g, and the salt intake was consumed. For 6.8g, the intake of soy was 9.6g, and the intake of drinking water and drink was 637.7g. (2) energy and the intake of various nutrients: the resident daily energy intake was 2293.Okcal, the average daily protein intake of the residents was 94.0g, the fat intake was 96.6g, the carbon and water compound intake was 272.5g, and the vitamin A intake was 780.9 u g. RE, vitamin B1 intake was 1.1mg, vitamin B2 intake was 1.3mg, nicotinic acid intake was 22.1 mg, vitamin C intake was 152.3mg, vitamin E intake was 33.6mg, calcium intake was 672.5mg, phosphorus intake was 1281.4mg, potassium intake, magnesium intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, zinc intake, and zinc intake The amount is 13.8mg, selenium intake is 66.6 mu g, copper intake is 2.3mg, manganese intake is 6.6mg. (3) the percentage of energy supply of all kinds of food: the energy of grain food is 29.3% of total energy, 28.8% of total energy in animal food, 15.8% of the energy for pure heat food, and 3 of the energy provided by legumes. .0%, other foods provide energy for the total energy 23.1%. (4) the percentage of energy supply and protein of the three major productivity nutrients, the food sources of fat: the ratio of energy to protein is 16.5%, the proportion of energy provided by fat is 37.8%, the proportion of carbohydrates providing energy is 45.7%, compared with 07 years, the energy is derived from fat and protein. The proportion of the source and carbohydrate increased (P value was 0.001). The dietary protein 19% was derived from cereals and its products, 6.4% from legumes and their products, 49.3% from animal food and 25.4% from other foods, and the proportion of high quality protein to 55.7%. residents was derived from the average of animal food. For 48.6%, the average daily sleep time was 7.5 hours per day for the average 51.4%. (5) 15 years old and over. The proportion of the residents walking, riding and riding was 31.8%, 20.2%, 48%. The average daily travel time was 67.9 minutes, the average daily housework was 76.7 minutes, and the average sitting time was on the day. 2.9 hours. The proportion of residents participating in exercise was 33%, the average daily exercise was 53.6 minutes. The drinking rate of residents was 13.7%, smoking rate was 12.9%, smoking rate and drinking rate were higher than women (P 0.001) 3.2 general health state (1), the health status of residents was good, generally, the poor accounted for 63.5%, 32.6%, 3.9%, age respectively. There was a difference in health self-assessment. The health self-assessment status of people aged 60 and above was less than that of 15-44 years old and 45-59 years old (P0.001). (2) there was no difficulty in the work and housework ability of residents. Generally, the proportion of difficulties was 84.1%, 14.2%, 1.7%, the work and housework ability of each age group were different, and the older persons of 60 and above were 15~44 and 45-59. The working and housework ability of the age group was poor (P0.001). (3) the average body function score of the residents was 22 points, the body function scores in all ages were different, the elderly people aged 60 and above were less than 15-44 and 45-59 years old (P0.001).3.3 chronic disease incidence and the relationship with diet and physical activity (1) the average waist circumference of the residents was 81.. 9 + 9.8 (CM), the average hip circumference was 93.8 + 6.9 (CM), and the prevalence rate of abdominal obesity was 44.8%. The average water of FBG, TG and SBP in the abdominal obesity population was higher than that of the control group (P value 0.05). (2) the average BMI value was 23.94 + 3.55 (kg/m2), the overweight rate was 42.3%, and the obesity rate was 5.6%. Both of them were the average per capita income of 47.9%. family more than 50 thousand and energy intake. /RNI > 100% was a risk factor for obesity. (3) the systolic pressure of the residents was 133 + 22 (mmHg), the diastolic pressure was 84 + 12 (mmHg). The older the age was, the greater the systolic and diastolic pressure, the higher the age increased (P value 0.05). The prevalence of hypertension was 50.7% in the residents, and the prevalence of hypertension increased with age (P0.001), middle and old age. The prevalence of hypertension in the population was more than 50%, high age, salt content more than 6g/d, overweight / obesity is the risk factor of high snow pressure, physical exercise is the protective factor of hypertension. (4) the average level of blood glucose in residents is 5.48 + 1.65 (mmol/L), the prevalence rate of high blood sugar in residents is 14.4%, the energy ratio of carbon and water compounds is 65%, and abdominal obesity is the risk factor of hyperglycemia. 5) the average plasma total cholesterol level was 4.60 + 0.89 (mmol/L), the average level of triglyceride in plasma was 1.40 + 0.99 (mmol/L), the prevalence rate of hypercholesterolemia was 9.5%, the prevalence rate of high triglyceride was 24.6%, the prevalence rate of cholesterol marginal elevation was 12.8%, and the prevalence rate of blood lipid anomaly was 31.8%. high age and watching TV play games and so on. More than 4h/d is a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia, physical exercise is a protective factor for hyperglycerin three lipemia.4 conclusion 4.1 dietary quality tends to be optimized, but dietary structure is not reasonable for residents, dietary conditions are gradually improved, dietary quality tends to be optimized, the proportion of energy sources to fat and protein is lower than 07 years, derived from carbohydrates. The average daily energy intake of the residents was 2291.0kcal, which reached a reasonable range (1800-2300kcal) for the energy reference intake of the Chinese residents' dietary guidelines, while the intake of Cereals, vegetables and fish and shrimp had basically reached the requirements, but the residents still had problems with irrational dietary structure, such as fruit, milk, water, soya beans and nuts. Intake of meat, meat, eggs, edible oil and salt is too high. The energy intake from the fat is too high and the carbohydrate supply is too low. While some minerals and vitamins (such as calcium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2) have not reached the recommended intake, and the residents' protein, zinc, selenium, vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, vitamin C intake is less than.4.2 unhealthy behavior and lifestyle of serious residents amateur resting activity time is 2.9 hours per day, higher than the national population statistics in 2002 2.5 hours / day. The car has become the main mode of traffic in Yangpu District residents, the residents' participation rate is low, only 33%, especially young people. The prevalence of chronic diseases such as overweight / obese, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, and dyslipidemia are all at a high level and tend to be younger, and the unhealthy diet and physical activity are found to be found. Less associated with the onset of these chronic diseases.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：R151.4

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