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基于激光散斑技術(shù)的皮層血管結(jié)構(gòu)與功能成像

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2019-06-16 18:22
【摘要】:基于運(yùn)動(dòng)顆粒相干散射特征的激光散斑襯比成像技術(shù)自上世紀(jì)80年代被首次提出后,逐漸應(yīng)用于生物醫(yī)學(xué)的血流監(jiān)測(cè)中。與常規(guī)血流監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備不是需要注射造影劑就是時(shí)空分辨率較低,或者需要逐行掃描才能得到全場(chǎng)圖像的缺陷相比,激光散斑成像技術(shù)無(wú)需掃描即可得到活體的全場(chǎng)、實(shí)時(shí)、非侵入的高分辨率血流速度分布二維圖像。近年來(lái),鑒于其易于在腦生理或病理狀態(tài)下監(jiān)測(cè)血流的優(yōu)勢(shì),這一血流成像技術(shù)正越來(lái)越受到神經(jīng)科學(xué)工作者的重視。 本論文研究?jī)?nèi)容主要涉及激光散斑成像技術(shù)在以下三個(gè)方面的應(yīng)用:首先,我們結(jié)合內(nèi)源光信號(hào)特征,通過(guò)635納米激光照射所得的散斑圖像同時(shí)得到了脫氧血紅蛋白濃度和腦血流(CBF)變化的信息,并將之應(yīng)用于不同亞低溫對(duì)腦血流影響的研究。其次,將激光散斑成像技術(shù)應(yīng)用于腦功能成像,研究了不同體覺(jué)刺激引起的血液動(dòng)力學(xué)響應(yīng)以及低溫對(duì)腦功能的影響。最后,利用激光散斑成像的高時(shí)空分辨率特性實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)觀測(cè)了大鼠局灶性腦缺血模型在缺血和再灌過(guò)程中不同腦區(qū)腦血流變化的差異。此外,考慮到現(xiàn)有散斑成像技術(shù)存在著動(dòng)態(tài)范圍較狹窄和受心跳、呼吸等噪聲影響使其信噪比降低等問(wèn)題,我們?cè)趫D像處理的過(guò)程中,引入了基于單調(diào)點(diǎn)變化的增強(qiáng)散斑襯比分析方法,拓寬了散斑圖像的動(dòng)態(tài)范圍,提高了可視化效果,而圖像配準(zhǔn)的方法也能進(jìn)一步提高圖像的空間分辨率。 本論文主要的研究?jī)?nèi)容和結(jié)論如下所述: 1)通過(guò)仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了兩種散斑襯比分析方法(空間域和時(shí)域)所得散斑襯比值和實(shí)際流速的絕對(duì)值之間在一定范圍內(nèi)線性相關(guān)。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,在0-5毫米/秒的實(shí)際流速范圍內(nèi),散斑襯比和絕對(duì)速度間呈較好的線性關(guān)系,說(shuō)明我們的成像系統(tǒng)非常適合腦血流的動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)。另外,通過(guò)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)系統(tǒng)性能和參數(shù)進(jìn)行了分析,為全文后續(xù)研究選取合適的系統(tǒng)參數(shù)做了前期的實(shí)驗(yàn)證明(如曝光時(shí)間的選取等)。 2)研究了不同低溫下(35℃和32℃)大鼠腦皮層血流速度和脫氧血紅蛋白濃度的相對(duì)變化情況。亞低溫療法作為輔助治療腦損傷(包括腦中風(fēng)、腦創(chuàng)傷、全局性腦損傷等)的手段已被廣泛地應(yīng)用于重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(ICU),并被證明具有很好的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。而在一些疾病的診斷及腦功能研究中,大腦皮層血流的特征模式是非常重要的參數(shù)。因此,,若能得到不同低溫下,高分辨率的大腦皮層血流變化,將具有一定的科學(xué)和臨床意義。我們利用時(shí)域激光散斑對(duì)比度分析和內(nèi)源光信號(hào)來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)大鼠在輕度低溫(35℃)和中度低溫(32℃)下腦皮層血流以及脫氧血紅蛋白濃度的變化,并進(jìn)一步研究了皮層不同血管內(nèi)(如:動(dòng)脈、靜脈及毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng))血流變化的規(guī)律。18只用戊巴比妥鈉麻醉的SD雄性大鼠被隨機(jī)分成輕度和中度低溫實(shí)驗(yàn)組(每組9只)。分別在基線期(37℃),低溫期(35℃或32℃)和復(fù)溫后期(37℃)三個(gè)階段記錄它們的激光散斑圖像,然后用ITK(Insight Toolkit)軟件包中的圖像分割工具提取不同血管,從而研究動(dòng)脈、靜脈和毛細(xì)血管在低溫下的流速信息。在輕度低溫實(shí)驗(yàn)組中,所有腦血管中血流速度在35℃和復(fù)溫狀態(tài)下顯著增加。靜脈和毛細(xì)血管中脫氧血紅蛋白濃度均下降,但是動(dòng)脈除外。而在中度低溫試驗(yàn)組中,低溫階段所有腦血管內(nèi)血流比基線值下降20%,并在復(fù)溫至37℃后能夠恢復(fù)到大約90%的基線水平。各血管內(nèi)脫氧血紅蛋白濃度在此組中無(wú)顯著變化?紤]到腦皮層血流復(fù)溫后的恢復(fù)情況,中度低溫可能更適合臨床應(yīng)用。當(dāng)然,關(guān)于腦皮層血流在血管水平的生理變化機(jī)制以及亞低溫的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用仍有待未來(lái)進(jìn)一步的研究。 3)觀察了常溫和中度低溫下大鼠功能性腦血流變化的時(shí)空特征。在眾多神經(jīng)功能成像研究中,均將體覺(jué)刺激引起的局部腦血流變化作為研究皮層神經(jīng)元活動(dòng)的標(biāo)志參數(shù)之一。但迄今為止,關(guān)于誘發(fā)的局部腦血流變化和神經(jīng)元活動(dòng)間的關(guān)系特征尚未被詳細(xì)描述。從我們的結(jié)果可以看到,隨著刺激幅值(0.5毫安,1.5毫安和2.5毫安)的上升,腦血流灌注也相應(yīng)增強(qiáng),這與文獻(xiàn)中用激光多普勒血流計(jì)在單點(diǎn)采集得到的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果相吻合。我們也對(duì)大鼠后肢分別給予了1.5毫安,脈寬0.3毫秒,頻率5赫茲的持續(xù)時(shí)間為4秒和8秒的電刺激。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在持續(xù)8秒電刺激的實(shí)驗(yàn)組中,局部腦血流變化在達(dá)到峰值后跟隨一個(gè)平臺(tái)期。這一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明用激光散斑成像技術(shù)觀察局部腦血流的響應(yīng),可以很好地反映功能神經(jīng)元組整合的活動(dòng)特征結(jié)果。目前,有關(guān)溫度對(duì)功能響應(yīng)影響的時(shí)空變化特征尚不清楚。我們分別記錄了8只雄性SD大鼠在常溫(37℃)和中度低溫(32℃)下的功能激光散斑圖像,以研究亞低溫對(duì)神經(jīng)元活動(dòng)的影響。對(duì)每一只實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的每一個(gè)溫度階段,重復(fù)十次相同的后肢電刺激協(xié)議(2.5毫安,0.3毫秒脈寬,5赫茲,4秒持續(xù)時(shí)間),每?jī)山M協(xié)議間至少休息60秒,對(duì)10組結(jié)果求平均以消除隨機(jī)噪聲的影響。同時(shí),為減少呼吸和心跳對(duì)圖像的影響,對(duì)所有數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)過(guò)配準(zhǔn)的激光散斑襯比分析,再結(jié)合時(shí)間簇分析方法,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)低溫會(huì)引起腦血流功能響應(yīng)峰值的延遲以及響應(yīng)持續(xù)時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)。此外,低溫會(huì)導(dǎo)致功能活動(dòng)區(qū)域面積減小,腦血流峰值降低。而動(dòng)脈和毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng)相較靜脈在功能刺激引起的腦血流響應(yīng)變化中占據(jù)更為主導(dǎo)的地位。以上實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,結(jié)合激光散斑成像技術(shù)和時(shí)間簇分析方法得到的高時(shí)空分辨率功能圖像,有助于我們更好地了解神經(jīng)-血管耦合性在正;虿±頎顟B(tài)下的時(shí)空特征。 4)實(shí)時(shí)觀察了遠(yuǎn)端大腦中動(dòng)脈閉塞模型在缺血和再灌過(guò)程中全腦腦血流的動(dòng)態(tài)變化特征。實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在缺血半球的梗塞區(qū)域,腦血流在缺血期間下降到基準(zhǔn)值的30%左右,然后通過(guò)再灌恢復(fù)到基準(zhǔn)的80%水平。而缺血半球的未梗塞區(qū)域在整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中基本保持在基準(zhǔn)的70%-100%范圍內(nèi)。另一方面,未缺血的健側(cè)半球,腦血流在缺血期間上升到基準(zhǔn)的110%-120%,然后隨著再灌回到基線水平。同時(shí),高分辨率的激光散斑成像技術(shù)使我們有可能觀察到由于中風(fēng)缺血引發(fā)的側(cè)枝循環(huán)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化。因此,對(duì)于腦卒中健側(cè)和損傷側(cè)的腦血流在時(shí)間和空間上變化的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè),不僅有利于腦卒中的血液動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)制研究,更是相關(guān)腦保護(hù)研究及臨床腦卒中干預(yù)治療手段評(píng)價(jià)的有力工具之一。 綜上所述,激光散斑成像技術(shù)的高時(shí)空分辨率特征使其在腦血流可視化監(jiān)測(cè)中相較傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)(如:激光多普勒等)擁有更明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。其設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單,可進(jìn)一步結(jié)合其他生理參數(shù)的監(jiān)測(cè)工具,非常適合神經(jīng)科學(xué)的研究。
[Abstract]:The laser speckle contrast imaging based on the coherent scattering characteristics of the moving particles has been applied to the blood flow monitoring of biomedicine since the first time in the 1980s. Compared with the conventional blood flow monitoring device, the injection contrast agent is not required to be injected, the time-space resolution is low, or the progressive scanning is required to obtain the defect of the full-field image, the laser speckle imaging technology can be used for obtaining the whole field and the real-time of the living body without scanning, Non-invasive high-resolution blood flow velocity distribution two-dimensional image. In recent years, in view of its ease of monitoring the advantages of blood flow in the physiological or pathological conditions of the brain, this blood flow imaging technique is increasingly being attached to the attention of the neuroscience workers. This paper mainly deals with the application of the laser speckle imaging technique in the following three aspects: first, we combine the characteristic of the endogenous optical signal and the speckle image obtained by the 635 nm laser to obtain the signal of the change of the deoxyhemoglobin concentration and the cerebral blood flow (CBF). The study of the effect of interest rate on the cerebral blood flow in different subtemperatures In this paper, the laser speckle imaging technique is applied to the brain function imaging, and the hemodynamic response and the low-temperature brain function of the brain function are studied. In the end, the difference of cerebral blood flow in different brain regions of the rat focal cerebral ischemia model in the course of ischemia and reperfusion was observed in real time by using the high time-time resolution characteristic of the laser speckle imaging. in addition, in view of that problems of the existing speckle imaging technique in which the dynamic range is narrow and the signal-to-noise ratio is reduced due to the influence of noise such as heartbeat, respiration, and the like, in the process of image processing, an enhanced speckle contrast ratio analysis method based on the change of the monotone point is introduced, By the method, the dynamic range of the speckle image is widened, the visual effect is improved, and the image registration method can further improve the spatial resolution of the image. The main research contents and conclusions of this paper are as follows: The following:1) The results of simulation show that the ratio of the speckle contrast ratio and the absolute value of the actual flow velocity of the two kinds of speckle contrast analysis method (space domain and time domain) are in a certain range The results show that there is a good linear relationship between the ratio of the speckle contrast ratio and the absolute velocity in the range of the actual flow velocity of 0-5 mm/ s, which indicates that our imaging system is very suitable for cerebral blood flow. In addition, the performance and parameters of the system are analyzed by animal experiments, and appropriate system parameters are selected for the full-text follow-up study. (2) The blood flow velocity and the concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the cerebral cortex of rats at different low temperatures (35 鈩

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