不同含量的鋅對糖尿病腎病的作用及相關機制研究
本文選題:鋅 + 糖尿病腎病; 參考:《吉林大學》2015年博士論文
【摘要】:糖尿。╠iabetes mellitus,DM)是由葡萄糖產生和代謝異常導致內環(huán)境紊亂而引發(fā)的多因素的慢性代謝障礙性疾病。它的主要特點是由于胰島的產生、分泌異;蚨呓钥珊鸵葝u素抵抗、炎癥、氧化應激等造成的血糖和血脂代謝失衡。隨著經濟的迅猛發(fā)展、生活標準的提高、飲食和生活方式的改變和老齡化,糖尿病已經成為世界范圍內的重要的公共健康問題,是繼惡性腫瘤和心腦血管疾病之后的第三大威脅公共健康的疾病。據統(tǒng)計糖尿病的全球患病人數在2000年已經達到1.51億人,預計2030年在年齡大于20歲的人群中患病人數將達到5.52億。糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥的治療給個人、家庭及社會都帶來了沉重的經濟負擔,如何預防糖尿病和控制糖尿病并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展,已經成為醫(yī)學界迫于被解決的熱點問題。 糖尿病可以影響機體的多種器官系統(tǒng),,如腎臟系統(tǒng)、神經系統(tǒng)和眼睛等,隨著時間的進展都可以導致嚴重的糖尿病并發(fā)癥。作為糖尿病微血管疾病之一的糖尿病腎病,不僅是糖尿病最常見的并發(fā)癥之一,也是糖尿病患者死亡的最主要病因之一。盡管控制血糖、血壓、降低脂質水平和抑制腎素血管緊張素系統(tǒng)被用于治療糖尿病,但糖尿病腎病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展仍是不可預防的。糖尿病腎病的主要組織學特點是腎小球肥大、腎小球基底膜增厚、細胞外基質增多和最終的腎小球球性硬化。而氧化應激介導糖尿病對腎臟組織功能的不利影響;高血糖誘導的活性氧自由基干擾微血管和促進細胞外基質積聚。所以,如何調節(jié)氧化酶活性和提高抗氧化能力被認為是預防和延緩糖尿病腎病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展的重要手段之一。 鋅作為人體的必需微量元素之一,參與多種生理過程。同時,鋅是蛋白的必要組成部分,主要參與維持細胞結構和細胞膜的穩(wěn)定性。鋅的功能包括可以維持人類基因組中2000多種鋅依賴的轉錄因子的細胞結構穩(wěn)定,并且對超過300多種鋅金屬酶的生物活性起著關鍵作用。 在糖尿病狀態(tài)下,常伴有鋅缺乏。除了飲食過程中鋅攝入不足,糖尿病患者吸收和/或重吸收鋅受損和尿鋅排泄增加,都可以增加內源性鋅的丟失。鋅不僅在胰島素作用和碳水化合物代謝中起著重要的作用,而且在機體的抗氧化機制中也有著不可或缺的作用。目前,氧化應激已經被認為在糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥的發(fā)病機制中至關重要。鋅是超氧化物歧化酶等關鍵的抗氧化酶的重要組成部分,鋅缺乏導致抗氧化酶的抗氧化能力下降,從而導致機體內氧化應激增加。但是不同含量的鋅對糖尿病腎病的作用及其可能的具體機制尚不明確,為此我們進行了以下研究。 我們給予8周齡的FVB雄性小鼠小劑量STZ(50mg/kg)連續(xù)腹腔注射5天,1周后通過小鼠尾靜脈檢測血糖,以血糖水平大于16.7mmol/L定為成功建立1型糖尿病動物模型。成模后,我們給予美國Research Diets公司的商品化不同含量鋅的成品飼料飼養(yǎng)糖尿病和對照組小鼠3個月,通過體內鋅含量檢測證實成功建立不同鋅含量的1型糖尿病動物模型。然后,我們通過Western blot,病理組織學檢查等實驗方法檢測腎功能、腎臟病理改變、氧化損傷、炎癥損傷和纖維化損傷,探討不同含量的鋅飼養(yǎng)對糖尿病小鼠誘導腎臟損傷的作用。隨后,我們通過檢測Nrf2及其下游抗氧化因子的表達水平,探討不同含量的鋅對糖尿病誘導腎臟損傷作用的可能機制。最后,我們檢測AKT、GSK-3β及Fyn水平,進一步探討鋅對AKT及其下游相關代謝信號的激活作用,從而探討鋅、AKT和Nrf2之間可能的關系。結果如下: 1.不同含量的鋅飼養(yǎng)糖尿病小鼠3個月,糖尿病各組小鼠間的血糖、體重和腎重/體重比值水平差異無顯著性改變。 2.在糖尿病各組中,低鋅干預的糖尿病組小鼠的死亡率、ACR值和尿素氮值顯著升高;正常鋅和高鋅干預可以改善上述癥狀,尤其是高鋅干預。 3.與其相應對照組比較,糖尿病組中腎臟氧化損傷指標SOD1和SOD2的表達下降,炎癥指標PAI-1和TNF-α、纖維化指標CTGF和TGF-β1的表達增加;在糖尿病各組中,低鋅干預可以使上述損傷進一步加重,而正常鋅和高鋅干預后,尤其是高鋅干預,可以改善上述腎臟損傷。 4.通過PAS染色發(fā)現與其相應對照組比較,糖尿病組出現腎小球肥大、細胞外基質增多和腎小管間質損傷;通過透射電鏡檢查發(fā)現與其相應對照組比較,糖尿病組表現為腎小球基底膜增厚、上皮足突節(jié)段融合和腎小管上皮細胞中線粒體腫脹;低鋅干預有進一步加重上述損傷的趨勢,而正常鋅和高鋅干預可以部分改善腎臟的病理損傷。 5.與其相應對照組比較,糖尿病組腎臟中Nrf2及其下游抗氧化因子的表達下降;在糖尿病各組中,低鋅干預可以使其表達進一步下降,而正常鋅和高鋅干預,可以誘導Nrf2及其下游抗氧化因子的表達上調,尤其是高鋅干預。 6.與其相應對照組比較,糖尿病組腎臟中AKT和GSK-3β的磷酸化水平下降;在糖尿病各組中,低鋅干預可以使其磷酸化水平進一步下降,而正常鋅和高鋅干預,可以調節(jié)AKT和GSK-3β的磷酸化水平升高,尤其是高鋅干預。 7.與其相應對照組比較,糖尿病組腎臟中Fyn核轉位增加,導致Nrf2從核內轉出增加,最終Nrf2降解增加;在糖尿病各組中,低鋅干預可以使Fyn核轉位進一步增加,而正常鋅和高鋅干預,Fyn核轉位減少,從而上調Nrf2的表達,尤其是高鋅干預。 通過以上實驗結果,我們得出結論:低鋅干預一定程度上加重了糖尿病誘導的腎臟損傷;而給予正常鋅和高鋅干預可以對糖尿病誘導腎臟損傷起到部分的保護作用,尤其是高鋅干預;這種保護作用部分是通過誘導Nrf2的表達和功能而實現的。而可能的調節(jié)機制之一是鋅部分通過活化AKT降低GSK-3β的活性來抑制Fyn核轉位,從而導致Nrf2在細胞核內積聚而增加其下游抗氧化因子NQO1、SOD等的表達部分實現其抗氧化損傷的作用,最終對糖尿病誘導腎臟損傷起到一定程度的保護作用。
[Abstract]:Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multi factor chronic metabolic disorder caused by the disturbance of glucose production and metabolism, which is mainly characterized by the production of islets, abnormal secretion of insulin, and the imbalance of blood glucose and lipid metabolism caused by insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress and so on. With the rapid development of economy, the improvement of standard of living, the change of diet and lifestyle and aging, diabetes has become an important public health problem in the world. It is the third major threat to public health after malignant tumor and cardiovascular disease. According to statistics, the number of diabetic global diseases has reached 1. in 2000. 5 billion 100 million people are expected to reach 552 million in the population older than 20 years of age in 2030. The treatment of diabetes and its complications has brought a heavy economic burden to individuals, families and society. How to prevent diabetes and control the development of diabetes complications has become a hot issue in the medical field.
Diabetes can affect a variety of organ systems, such as the kidney system, the nervous system, and the eyes, which can lead to serious diabetic complications as time progresses. As one of the diabetic microvascular diseases, diabetic nephropathy is not only one of the most common complications of diabetes, but also the most important disease of diabetic patients. One of the reasons. Although controlling blood sugar, blood pressure, lowering lipid levels and inhibiting the renin angiotensin system are used in the treatment of diabetes, the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy are still not preventable. The main histologic features of diabetic nephropathy are glomerular hypertrophy, thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, increased extracellular matrix and final glomeruli. And oxidative stress mediates the adverse effects of diabetes on the function of the kidneys; hyperglycemia induced reactive oxygen free radicals interferes with microvessels and promotes the accumulation of extracellular matrix. Therefore, how to regulate oxidase activity and increase antioxidant capacity is considered as an important means to prevent and delay the occurrence and development of hyperglycuria nephropathy One of.
Zinc is one of the essential trace elements of the human body and participates in a variety of physiological processes. At the same time, zinc is a necessary component of the protein. It is mainly involved in maintaining the stability of the cell structure and cell membrane. The function of zinc includes the stability of the cell structure of more than 2000 zinc dependent transcription factors in the human genome, and more than 300 kinds of zinc gold. The biological activity of the enzyme plays a key role.
In diabetes, zinc deficiency is often accompanied by deficiency of zinc. In addition to insufficient zinc intake during diet, the loss of endogenous zinc can be increased in diabetic patients with impaired absorption and / or reabsorption of zinc and increased urine zinc excretion. Zinc not only plays an important role in insulin and carbohydrate metabolism, but also in the body's antioxidant mechanism. At present, oxidative stress has been considered important in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Zinc is an important component of the key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase. Zinc deficiency leads to the decline in antioxidant capacity of antioxidant enzymes, resulting in increased oxidative stress in the body. The role of zinc in diabetic nephropathy and its possible mechanism are not clear.
We gave 8 weeks old FVB male mice with small dose STZ (50mg/kg) for 5 days of continuous intraperitoneal injection. After 1 weeks, the blood glucose was detected by the tail vein of mice. The model of type 1 diabetes mellitus was established successfully with the blood glucose level greater than 16.7mmol/L. After 3 months of disease and control mice, the zinc content of type 1 diabetic animal models with different zinc content was successfully established. Then, we examined renal function, pathological changes of kidney, oxidative damage, inflammatory injury and fibrosis by Western blot and histopathological examination. The effect of diabetic mice induced renal injury. Then, by detecting the expression level of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant factors, we explored the possible mechanism of different levels of zinc on diabetic induced renal injury. Finally, we detected the levels of AKT, GSK-3 beta and Fyn, and further explored the activation of zinc on AKT and its downstream related metabolic signals. To explore the possible relationship between zinc, AKT and Nrf2. The results are as follows:
1. there was no significant difference in blood sugar, body weight and kidney weight / body weight ratio among diabetic mice in different concentrations of zinc for 3 months.
2. in the diabetic group, the mortality, ACR and urea nitrogen in the low zinc intervention diabetic group increased significantly, and the intervention of normal zinc and high zinc could improve the above symptoms, especially the high zinc intervention.
3. compared with the corresponding control group, the expression of renal oxidative damage index SOD1 and SOD2 decreased in the diabetic group, the expression of inflammatory markers PAI-1 and TNF- a, the expression of CTGF and TGF- beta 1 in the fibrosis index increased. In the diabetic group, the low zinc intervention could further aggravate the above damage, and the prognosis of normal zinc and high zinc, especially the high zinc intervention, could be used in diabetic group. To improve the injury of the kidneys.
4. compared with the corresponding control group, the diabetic group showed the glomerular hypertrophy, the increase of extracellular matrix and the renal tubulointerstitial damage in the diabetic group. Through the transmission electron microscopy, the diabetic group showed the thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, the fusion of the epithelial podocyte segment and the mitochondria in the renal tubular epithelial cells compared with the corresponding control group. Swelling, low zinc intervention further aggravated the above damage trend, while normal zinc and high zinc intervention can partially improve the pathological damage of kidney.
5. compared with the corresponding control group, the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant factors in the kidneys of the diabetic group decreased, and the low zinc intervention could further decrease the expression in the diabetic group, while the intervention of normal zinc and high zinc could induce the up regulation of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant factors, especially the high zinc intervention.
6. compared with the corresponding control group, the level of phosphorylation of AKT and GSK-3 beta in the kidneys of the diabetic group decreased, and the low zinc intervention could further decrease the phosphorylation level in the diabetic group, while the normal zinc and the high zinc intervention could regulate the increase of the phosphorylation level of AKT and GSK-3 beta, especially the high zinc intervention.
7. compared with the corresponding control group, the Fyn nucleus transposition in the kidneys of the diabetic group increased, resulting in the increase of Nrf2 from the nucleus and the increase of Nrf2 degradation. In all diabetic groups, the low zinc intervention could further increase the transposition of the Fyn nucleus, while the normal zinc and high zinc intervention, the Fyn nuclear transposition decreased, so that the expression of Nrf2 was up-regulated, especially the high zinc intervention.
Through the experimental results, we conclude that low zinc intervention aggravates the renal injury induced by diabetes to some extent, and that the intervention of normal zinc and high zinc can partly protect the kidney injury induced by diabetes, especially the high zinc intervention; this protection is partly by inducing the expression and function of Nrf2. One of the possible regulatory mechanisms is that one of the possible mechanisms of regulation is that the zinc part reduces the GSK-3 beta activity by activating AKT to inhibit the transposition of the Fyn nucleus, resulting in the accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus and increasing its downstream antioxidant factor NQO1, SOD and other expressions to achieve its antioxidant damage, which ultimately induces a certain degree of renal injury induced by diabetes. The protective effect.
【學位授予單位】:吉林大學
【學位級別】:博士
【學位授予年份】:2015
【分類號】:R587.2
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