【摘要】：研究背景與研究目的： 兒童氣質(zhì)是人生早期就具有的重要個(gè)性心理特征,貫穿于兒童發(fā)育和社會(huì)適應(yīng)的全過程。氣質(zhì)具有“天賦性”,新生兒自出生的瞬間就表現(xiàn)出不同的氣質(zhì)類型。 關(guān)于兒童氣質(zhì)影響因素的研究最初多集中在嬰兒出生后環(huán)境因素對氣質(zhì)的影響,且一般采用橫斷面研究的方法。目前國內(nèi)外學(xué)者越來越多的將目光轉(zhuǎn)向孕期因素對兒童氣質(zhì)的影響,但大多研究孕期生理因素對氣質(zhì)的影響,而關(guān)于準(zhǔn)父母親孕期心理因素對孩子氣質(zhì)的影響研究較少。而隨著孕期的后移,準(zhǔn)父母親心理壓力、焦慮程度等方面都有所增加,心理狀態(tài)有了明顯變化,特別是到了孕中晚期。因此,孕中晚期環(huán)境作為兒童發(fā)展的重要先天因素,越來越受到研究者的關(guān)注。 孕婦的心理健康對胎兒及兒童發(fā)展的影響毋庸置疑。然而,孕婦及胎兒置身于家庭系統(tǒng)中,準(zhǔn)爸爸和準(zhǔn)媽媽的心理狀況有可能會(huì)相互影響。近幾年來,國外的研究開始關(guān)注家庭中父親的參與度、父親與母親的互動(dòng)情況、父親的身心狀況、父親與孩子的互動(dòng)情況對孩子發(fā)展的影響。也有研究表明,在母親懷孕的中晚期,父親就會(huì)形成對胎兒的依戀,且較為穩(wěn)定。 本研究采用縱向設(shè)計(jì),調(diào)查了解孕中晚期準(zhǔn)父母親的心理狀態(tài),包括妊娠期壓力大小、總體心理健康狀況、孕中晚期焦慮程度以及焦慮傾向和夫妻雙方婚姻滿意程度等五個(gè)方面。追蹤分析準(zhǔn)父母親的這些心理因素對于出生后1個(gè)月嬰兒氣質(zhì)(包括：活動(dòng)水平、節(jié)律性、趨避性、適應(yīng)性、反應(yīng)強(qiáng)度、情緒本質(zhì)、堅(jiān)持性、注意分散、反應(yīng)閾等九個(gè)維度)的影響程度。為婦幼心理健康保健的實(shí)踐工作提供理論依據(jù),在心理干預(yù)的衛(wèi)生保健工作中,充分發(fā)揮公共衛(wèi)生的網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理效益,以孕產(chǎn)婦家庭為單位,干預(yù)時(shí)間提前至孕中晚期,從而達(dá)到降低困難氣質(zhì)兒童出生的目的。 研究方法： 本研究運(yùn)用定群追蹤調(diào)查設(shè)計(jì),采用定量問卷調(diào)查的方法。以自愿參加的形式,從上海市普陀區(qū)婦嬰保健院產(chǎn)科門診選取334個(gè)孕周滿28周的單胎懷孕家庭,請準(zhǔn)爸爸和準(zhǔn)媽媽分別填寫問卷,包括妊娠壓力、狀態(tài)-特質(zhì)焦慮程度、孕中晚期心理健康狀況和婚姻滿意度等五個(gè)心理問卷。了解孕中晚期準(zhǔn)父母親心理健康狀態(tài)及其相互關(guān)系。研究對象的嬰兒出生后1個(gè)月進(jìn)行追蹤調(diào)查,在兒保門診通過主要教養(yǎng)人的氣質(zhì)問卷調(diào)查(EITQ)評估1個(gè)月小嬰兒氣質(zhì)維度的特征。使用SPSS17.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),分析孕中晚期準(zhǔn)父母親心理的這五個(gè)因素對1個(gè)月嬰兒氣質(zhì)九個(gè)維度的相關(guān)性分析和多元回歸分析,尋找孕中晚期準(zhǔn)父母親心理因素對嬰兒氣質(zhì)維度的可能關(guān)系和顯著程度。 結(jié)果： 本研究共回收準(zhǔn)父母心理問卷334份,待產(chǎn)婦分娩后1個(gè)月小嬰兒氣質(zhì)調(diào)查共回收210份小嬰兒氣質(zhì)問卷,期間失訪124例(包括轉(zhuǎn)到其他醫(yī)院分娩的32例,多種原因無法帶孩子來院做產(chǎn)后檢查的92例)。比較失訪的124例與數(shù)據(jù)完整的210例后發(fā)現(xiàn),準(zhǔn)媽媽和準(zhǔn)爸爸的年齡對比(t=-1.969,p0.05;t=-0.403,p0.05)、文化程度的構(gòu)成比例對比(x2=2.264a,p0.05；x2=1.589a,p0.05)和經(jīng)濟(jì)收入構(gòu)成比例對比(x2=15.538a,p0.05；x2=8.300a,p0.05)無顯著性差異。 綜合分析210例小嬰兒的氣質(zhì),發(fā)現(xiàn)不同性別的1個(gè)月嬰兒在氣質(zhì)的九個(gè)維度中只有適應(yīng)性存在顯著性差異(t=2.198,p=0.03),其他維度均無顯著性差異。 準(zhǔn)媽媽妊娠壓力源位于前五位的與準(zhǔn)爸爸的有所不同,分別是擔(dān)心生產(chǎn)時(shí)胎兒的安全,擔(dān)心胎兒是否健全,擔(dān)心生產(chǎn)時(shí)的疼痛無法忍受,擔(dān)心體重控制不理想,擔(dān)心會(huì)難產(chǎn)或需做剖腹產(chǎn)。而準(zhǔn)爸爸的則是：擔(dān)心生產(chǎn)時(shí)愛人的安全,擔(dān)心愛人生產(chǎn)時(shí)的疼痛無法忍受,擔(dān)心生產(chǎn)時(shí)胎兒的安全,擔(dān)心胎兒是否健全,擔(dān)心愛人會(huì)難產(chǎn)或需做剖腹產(chǎn)。準(zhǔn)媽媽的妊娠壓力水平(73.22±17.07)與準(zhǔn)爸爸的壓力水平(70.23±17.16),存在顯著性差異(t=-2.252,p0.05)。 對比孕中晚期準(zhǔn)父母親心理因素得知,準(zhǔn)媽媽的心理健康狀況(27.87±8.82)與準(zhǔn)爸爸的(26.04±8.36),存在顯著性差異(t=-2.762,p=0.0006)；而準(zhǔn)父母親孕期焦慮和焦慮傾向以及婚姻滿意度均無顯著性差異(t值和p值分別是：t=-1.578,p=0.115；t=-0.844,p=0.339；t=-0.336,p=0.739)。 小嬰兒氣質(zhì)與孕中晚期準(zhǔn)媽媽心理狀況的相關(guān)性分析顯示,準(zhǔn)媽媽在孕中晚期的妊娠壓力越大,嬰兒越傾向于適應(yīng)慢(r=0.143)；準(zhǔn)媽媽在孕中晚期總體心理健康狀態(tài)越差,嬰兒越傾向于活動(dòng)多(r=0.186)、適應(yīng)慢(r=0.212)、情緒消極(r=0.231)、注意易分散(r=0.246)；準(zhǔn)媽媽在孕中晚期的狀態(tài)焦慮程度與嬰兒氣質(zhì)特質(zhì)九個(gè)維度無顯著相關(guān)性；準(zhǔn)媽媽的特質(zhì)焦慮僅與嬰兒的注意力易分散(r=0.151)有關(guān)。另外,準(zhǔn)媽媽對婚姻滿意度越高,嬰兒越傾向十活動(dòng)少(r=-0.188)、適應(yīng)弱(r=-0.180)和情緒消極(r=-0.137)。以上分析的rP值均小于0.05。 小嬰兒氣質(zhì)維度與孕中晚期準(zhǔn)爸爸心理狀況的相關(guān)性分析顯示,準(zhǔn)爸爸妊娠壓力、心理健康狀態(tài)與嬰兒氣質(zhì)特質(zhì)九維度無顯著相關(guān)性。準(zhǔn)爸爸在妻子孕中晚期越焦慮,嬰兒越傾向于活動(dòng)少(r=-0.166)、適應(yīng)性差(r=-0.175)、不能堅(jiān)持(r=-0.146)、小易形成規(guī)律(r=-0.198)、情緒消極(r=-0.250)、注意力易分散(r=-0.139)；越容易焦慮,嬰兒越傾向于對刺激不易產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)(r=-0.162)；對婚姻越滿意,嬰兒越傾向于活動(dòng)少(r=-0.162)、適應(yīng)慢(r=-0.231)、不主動(dòng)(r=-0.137)、注意力分散(r=-0.151)。以上分析的p值均小于0.05。 在控制了準(zhǔn)父母的年齡、分娩孕周、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)收入、是否有新生兒疾病、新生兒出生體重等因素的混雜作用后,以嬰兒氣質(zhì)九維度為因變量,孕期父母心理諸因素為自變量,進(jìn)行多元回歸分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),準(zhǔn)爸爸在妻子孕期的狀態(tài)焦慮與活動(dòng)水平(β=-0.152,p0.05)、適應(yīng)性(β=-0.155,p0.05)、節(jié)律性(β=-0.192,p0.05)、情緒本質(zhì)(β=-0.256,p0.01)的相關(guān)關(guān)系顯著；而準(zhǔn)媽媽的總體心理健康狀況與活動(dòng)水平(β=0.221,p0.01)、適應(yīng)性(β=0.208,p0.01)、情緒本質(zhì)(β=0.257,p0.01)、注意分散度(β=0.236,p0.01),的相關(guān)關(guān)系顯著。 結(jié)論： 首先,本研究中結(jié)果顯示1個(gè)月小嬰兒氣質(zhì)九個(gè)維度中除了適應(yīng)性外,其余八個(gè)維度在不同性別的嬰兒中均無顯著性差異,這與相關(guān)研究一致。而準(zhǔn)媽媽妊娠壓力源排序前10位的與以往的研究相比有一項(xiàng)差別,這可能與地域差別相關(guān)。準(zhǔn)爸爸妊娠壓力源排序前10位的與準(zhǔn)媽媽不同,并不擔(dān)心準(zhǔn)媽媽體型改變的問題,這樣的發(fā)現(xiàn)也許可以減弱準(zhǔn)媽媽相應(yīng)的擔(dān)心。母親在孕期的妊娠壓力,以及母親在孕期發(fā)生的非特異性的心理健康相關(guān)癥狀的發(fā)生頻率均顯著高于父親。但父母親在孕期這一特定時(shí)段內(nèi)的焦慮和焦慮傾向,以及婚姻和諧程度都沒有區(qū)別。 其次,本研究探討了孕中晚期準(zhǔn)父母親的心理狀況對1個(gè)月嬰兒氣質(zhì)各維度的影響。發(fā)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)父母親的孕期焦慮、焦慮傾向和妊娠壓力對小嬰兒氣質(zhì)的影響程度最大,分別影響到小嬰兒的適應(yīng)性、活動(dòng)度、注意力分散度、情緒本質(zhì)等多個(gè)維度。而父母雙方的婚姻滿意度,能代表著家庭的和睦程度,也將影響到小嬰兒活動(dòng)度、適應(yīng)性等氣質(zhì)維度。 雖然氣質(zhì)是先天個(gè)性特征的一種反映,但在氣質(zhì)特征的決定因素中孕中晚期父母的心理狀況也是個(gè)不容忽視的因子。因此,在婦幼心理健康保健的實(shí)踐工作中,對準(zhǔn)媽媽和準(zhǔn)爸爸的心理狀況都要給予充分關(guān)注,要以家庭為單位,充分發(fā)揮公共衛(wèi)生的網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理效益,這樣才能達(dá)到降低困難氣質(zhì)兒童出生,促進(jìn)兒童身心健康發(fā)展的目的。
[Abstract]:Research background and purpose:
The temperament of children is an important personality trait in the early life. It runs through the whole process of children's development and social adaptation. Temperament has a "talent", and the newborn shows different temperament types at the moment of birth.
The research on the influence factors of children's temperament is mainly focused on the influence of environmental factors on the temperament of the baby after birth, and generally adopts the method of cross-sectional study. At present, more and more scholars at home and abroad turn their eyes to the influence of pregnancy factors on the temperament of children, but most of them study the influence of the physiological factors of pregnancy on the temperament, and about the quasi father. There are few studies on the influence of maternal psychological factors on the temperament of children. With the shift of pregnancy, the psychological pressure and anxiety of the parents have increased, and the psychological state has changed obviously, especially in the middle and late pregnancy. Therefore, the environment of the middle and late pregnancy is becoming more and more important for the development of children. Pay attention to it.
There is no doubt that the psychological health of pregnant women has an impact on the development of the fetus and children. However, the psychological status of expectant and quasi mothers may affect each other in the family system. In recent years, foreign studies have begun to pay attention to the participation of fathers in the family, the interaction between parents and mothers, the father's physical and mental condition, the father's physical and mental condition, and the father's physical and mental condition. The influence of the interaction between parents and children on the development of the child has also shown that in the middle and late stages of the mother's pregnancy, the father forms an attachment to the fetus and is more stable.
In this study, the longitudinal design was used to investigate the psychological state of the parents of the middle and late pregnant women, including the size of the pregnancy pressure, the overall mental health, the degree of anxiety in the middle and late pregnancy, the anxiety tendency and the marital satisfaction of the husband and wife. The psychological factors of Paran parents were traced to the 1 months after birth. Temperament (including: activity level, rhythm, taxis, adaptability, adaptability, response intensity, emotional nature, persistence, attention dispersion, reaction threshold, and other nine dimensions), provide theoretical basis for the practice work of maternal and child mental health care, and give full play to the network management benefits of public health in the health care work of psychological intervention. In the family of pregnant women, the intervention time is advanced to the middle and late stages of pregnancy, so as to achieve the goal of reducing the birth of difficult temperament children.
Research methods:
In this study, a group tracking survey was designed and the quantitative questionnaire was used. In the form of voluntary participation, 334 single pregnant families with 28 weeks of pregnancy were selected from the obstetrics and gynecology clinic of the maternal and infant health care hospital of Putuo District, Shanghai. Five mental health and marital satisfaction questionnaires were used to understand the mental health status of the middle and late pregnant mothers and their parents and their relationship. The subjects were followed up for 1 months after birth, and the characteristics of the temperament dimension of the 1 month infant were evaluated by the main rearing Temperament Questionnaire (EITQ) in the outpatient service outpatient department. The use of SPSS17.0 The software carries out data statistics to analyze the correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis of the five factors of the nine dimensions of infant temperament for 1 months in the middle and late pregnancy, in order to find out the possible relationship and significance of the psychological factors of the middle and late pregnant women to the baby's temperament dimension.
Result:
A total of 334 quasi parental psychological questionnaires were collected in this study. A total of 210 small infant temperament questionnaires were recovered for 1 months after childbirth, and 124 cases were lost during the period (32 cases were transferred to other hospitals, 92 cases were unable to take children to the hospital for postpartum examination). 124 cases were compared with 210 cases with complete data. There was no significant difference between the proportion contrast (x2=2.264a, P0.05; x2=1.589a, P0.05) and the proportion of economic income components (x2=15.538a, P0.05; x2=8.300a, P0.05) in comparison of the proportion of cultural degrees (x2=2.264a, P0.05; x2=1.589a, P0.05) to the age contrast (t=-1.969, P0.05; t=-0.403, P0.05) between the quasi mother and the quasi dad.
A comprehensive analysis of the temperament of 210 infants showed that there were only significant differences (t=2.198, p=0.03) in the nine dimensions of the temperament of the 1 month babies of different sexes, and there was no significant difference in the other dimensions.
The expectant mother's pregnancy stress source is different from that of the first five parents. They are worried about the safety of the fetus in production, worry about the sound of the fetus, worry about the pain in production, worry about the unsatisfactory weight control, fear that it will be dystocia or need to do caesarean section. The pain in human production is unbearable, worrying about the safety of the fetus in production, worrying about whether the fetus is sound, worrying that the lover will be dystocia or need to do caesarean section. There is a significant difference (t=-2.252, P0.05) between the expectant mother's pregnancy pressure level (73.22 + 17.07) and the pressure level of the quasi Dad (70.23 + 17.16).
Compared with the psychological factors of the middle and late pregnant parents, the psychological health status of the quasi mother (27.87 + 8.82) and (26.04 + 8.36) were significantly different (t=-2.762, p=0.0006), while there was no significant difference between the parental anxiety and anxiety and the marital satisfaction (T and P values, t=-1.578, p=0.115; t=-0.844, respectively, t=-0.844, t=-0.844, t=-0.844, respectively, t=-0.844, t=-0.844, p=0.115; t=-0.844, respectively, t=-0.844, t=-0.844, t=-0.844, and t=-0.844, respectively). P=0.339; t=-0.336, p=0.739).
The correlation analysis between the temperament of the baby and the psychological status of the middle and late pregnant mothers showed that the greater the pregnancy pressure in the middle and late pregnancy, the more inclined the baby was to adapt to the slow (r=0.143), the worse the overall mental health of the mother in the middle and late pregnancy, the more active (r=0.186), the slower (r=0.212) and the emotional negative (r=0.231) in the infants. There is no significant correlation between the degree of state anxiety of the middle and late pregnancy and the nine dimensions of the temperament of the baby. The trait anxiety of the quasi mother is only related to the distraction of the infant (r=0.151). In addition, the higher the expectant mother is, the higher the satisfaction of the marriage is, the more the infants tend to be less active (r=-0.188), and the weaker (r=-0.180) and the weaker (r=-0.180). Negative emotion (r=-0.137). The rP values of the above analysis are all less than 0.05.
The correlation analysis between the temperament dimension of the baby and the psychological status of the middle and late pregnant fathers showed that there was no significant correlation between the expectant father's pregnancy pressure, the mental health state and the nine dimension of the temperament of the baby. The more anxious the expectant father was in the middle and late pregnancy, the more the infants tended to be less active (r=-0.166), the poor adaptability (r=-0.175), and the less (r=-0.146). Easy to form (r=-0.198), emotional negative (r=-0.250) and distraction (r=-0.139); the easier the anxiety is, the more the infants tend to be not susceptible to stimulation (r=-0.162); the more satisfied the marriage is, the more the infants tend to be less active (r=-0.162), r= -0.231, no initiative (r=-0.137), and distraction (r=-0.151). The P values of the above analysis are all Less than 0.05.
After controlling the age of Paran parents, childbirth weeks, family income, whether there were complications of neonatal disease and birth weight, the nine dimension of baby temperament was the dependent variable and the psychological factors of the parents were independent variables during pregnancy. The results showed that the state anxiety and life of the expectant father during the wife's pregnancy. Dynamic level (beta =-0.152, P0.05), adaptability (beta =-0.155, P0.05), rhythmical (beta, P0.05), and the correlation of emotional nature (beta =-0.256, P0.01); while the overall mental health and activity level of the quasi mother (beta =0.221, P0.01), adaptability (beta =0.208, P0.01), emotional nature (beta, beta), and attention dispersion (beta,), There is a significant relationship.
Conclusion:
First of all, the results of this study showed that there was no significant difference between the nine dimensions of the 1 month baby's temperament except for adaptability, and the other eight dimensions were not significantly different in the different sexes, and this was consistent with the related studies. The first 10 of the expectant mother's pregnancy stressors were different from the previous studies, which may be related to regional differences. The first 10 of the stressors of gestation were different from those of the expectant mother and did not worry about the problem of the quasi mother's shape change. This discovery may weaken the corresponding mother's concern. The frequency of mother's pregnancy stress during pregnancy and the mother's non specific mental health symptoms during pregnancy were significantly higher than those of the father. There is no difference between parents' anxiety and anxiety in the specific period of pregnancy and the degree of marital harmony.
Secondly, this study explored the influence of the psychological status of the middle and late pregnant mothers on the dimensions of the temperament of the 1 month infant. It was found that the maternal anxiety, anxiety and pregnancy stress had the greatest influence on the baby's temperament, which affected the adaptability, mobility, distraction, and emotional nature of the baby. However, the marital satisfaction of parents can represent the degree of family harmony, and also affect the temperament dimension of infant activity and adaptability.
Although temperament is a reflection of innate personality characteristics, the psychological status of parents in the middle and late pregnancy is also a factor that can not be ignored in the determinants of temperament characteristics. Therefore, in the practice of maternal and child mental health care, the psychological status of mother and quasi dad should be fully paid attention to, and the family should be fully issued. We should use the network management benefits of public health to achieve the goal of reducing the birth of difficult temperament children and promoting the healthy development of children's physical and mental health.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：R174

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