【摘要】：奶牛繁殖障礙是指母牛達(dá)到正常的性成熟和體成熟年齡時(shí),由各種因素引起的母畜生殖能力下降,臨床表現(xiàn)為不孕不育、流產(chǎn)、產(chǎn)死胎、產(chǎn)后子宮內(nèi)膜炎等一系列癥候群的統(tǒng)稱(chēng)。引起奶牛繁殖障礙的原因主要包括非傳染性因素和傳染性因素兩大類(lèi),非傳染性因素有飼養(yǎng)管理不善、母體自身疾病、繁殖技術(shù)操作不當(dāng)?shù)?傳染性因素由傳染性疫病引起。其中,牛病毒性腹瀉病毒(BVDV)、牛傳染性鼻氣管炎病毒(IBRV)、牛副流感3型病毒(BPIV-3)及布魯氏菌(Brucella),是引起奶牛繁殖障礙的重要病原。奶牛繁殖障礙給養(yǎng)牛業(yè)造成了較大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,嚴(yán)重影響和制約著奶牛業(yè)的持續(xù)健康發(fā)展,但有關(guān)新疆地區(qū)致奶牛繁殖障礙的傳染性因素尚不清楚。因此,開(kāi)展奶牛繁殖障礙類(lèi)傳染病的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,確定引起奶牛繁殖障礙相關(guān)的病原種類(lèi)及感染情況,對(duì)制定有效的防控措施具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。為調(diào)查BVD、IBR、BPI及Brucellosis的感染情況及流行狀況,選擇北疆4個(gè)規(guī)�；膛�(chǎng)為調(diào)查對(duì)象,采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)流行病學(xué)調(diào)查、血清流行病學(xué)調(diào)查和分子流行病學(xué)調(diào)查的方法,研究結(jié)果如下:1.現(xiàn)場(chǎng)流行病學(xué)調(diào)查查明了規(guī)�；�(chǎng)2011~2013年奶牛流產(chǎn)情況及其發(fā)生規(guī)律,流產(chǎn)率為9.95%(361/3629),同時(shí)流產(chǎn)與胎次、妊娠天數(shù)和季節(jié)存在較大關(guān)系。①流產(chǎn)與胎次之間的關(guān)系,流產(chǎn)主要發(fā)生在第1~3胎次,以首胎流產(chǎn)情況嚴(yán)重,4胎以后流產(chǎn)情況較少。②流產(chǎn)與妊娠天數(shù)之間的關(guān)系,流產(chǎn)在妊娠的各個(gè)時(shí)期都會(huì)發(fā)生,但集中發(fā)生于妊娠的60~120d之間。③流產(chǎn)與季節(jié)之間的關(guān)系,新疆春夏季節(jié)(3~8月)是流產(chǎn)發(fā)生的高峰期,以夏季(6~8月)流產(chǎn)最為常見(jiàn),秋季(9~11月)流產(chǎn)情況很少出現(xiàn)。2.血清流行病學(xué)調(diào)查4個(gè)規(guī)�；膛�(chǎng)BVD、IBR及BPI感染性抗體的平均陽(yáng)性率分別是75.4%、87.4%和91.4%,從流產(chǎn)死胎的成母牛、子宮炎牛、1-2月齡患有肺炎的犢牛及尚未飼喂初乳的犢牛等血清樣品中,均檢測(cè)出存在有以上3種病毒的陽(yáng)性抗體。而從流產(chǎn)死胎的成母牛血清中,檢測(cè)出存有布魯氏菌病抗體的平均陽(yáng)性率為25.1%。3.分子流行病學(xué)調(diào)查采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光RT-PCR/PCR檢測(cè)方法,從流產(chǎn)死胎、1-2月齡患有肺炎的犢牛的鼻拭子等組織病料中,檢測(cè)出BVDV、IBRV和BPIV-3病原的總陽(yáng)性率分別為11.29%(28/248)、9.26%(15/162)和10.00%(18/180)。其中,59份流產(chǎn)死胎組織中檢測(cè)出BVDV、IBRV及BPIV-3病原的陽(yáng)性率分別為25.42%(15/59)、5.08%(3/59)及25.42%(15/59),而從與配公牛的凍精中,未檢測(cè)到有上述病原。4.混合感染情況對(duì)血清流行病學(xué)調(diào)查和分子流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析,從發(fā)病犢牛的鼻拭子及流產(chǎn)死胎組織中,同時(shí)檢測(cè)出存在有2~3種疫病混合感染的情況;而從犢牛和流產(chǎn)死胎成母牛的血清中,檢測(cè)出有2~4種疫病混合感染的情況。其中,從流產(chǎn)死胎的成母牛中,檢測(cè)出同時(shí)含有BVD、IBR、BPI及Brucellosis的抗體陽(yáng)性率為22.6%。結(jié)果表明,這些病原在致奶牛繁殖障礙中混合感染現(xiàn)象較為普遍。本研究初步查明了北疆規(guī)�；�(chǎng)致奶牛繁殖障礙4種疫病的感染情況及流行狀況,為相應(yīng)疫病的防控提供了流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)實(shí)踐生產(chǎn)具有重要的指導(dǎo)作用。
[Abstract]:The reproductive failure of the cow is the common name of a series of symptoms, such as infertility, abortion, stillbirth, and post-partum endometritis, when the cow reaches the normal sexual maturity and the mature age of the body. The causes of the reproductive disorders of the dairy cows are mainly non-communicable and infectious, and the non-communicable factors are poor in feeding management, the parent's own diseases and the improper operation of the reproduction technology, etc., and the infectious factors are caused by the infectious disease. Among them, the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), the bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), the bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV-3) and the Brucella are an important pathogen causing the breeding barrier of the dairy cows. The breeding barrier of dairy cattle has caused great economic loss to the cattle industry, which seriously affects and restricts the continuous healthy development of the dairy cattle industry, but the infectious factors related to the reproductive barrier of dairy cows in the Xinjiang region are not clear. Therefore, it is of great significance for developing effective prevention and control measures to carry out the epidemiological investigation of the infectious diseases in the breeding of dairy cows, and to determine the pathogenic species and the infection of the dairy cows. In order to investigate the infection and epidemic situation of BVD, IBR, BPI and Brucelosis, four large-scale dairy farms in northern Xinjiang were selected as the subject of investigation. The on-site epidemiological investigation identified the status of the cow abortion in the large-scale cattle farm from 2011 to 2013 and its occurrence, the abortion rate was 9.95% (361/ 3629), and the abortion was related to the number of the fetus, the number of days of pregnancy and the season. The relationship between the abortion and the birth of the fetus, the abortion mainly occurred in the first to three times, and the abortion in the first fetus was serious, and the abortion was less after the 4-day abortion. The relationship between the number of abortion and the number of days of pregnancy may occur at all times of the pregnancy, but the concentration occurs between 60 and 120d of the pregnancy. The relationship between the abortion and the season, the spring and summer festival in Xinjiang (3-8 months) is the peak of the abortion, and the abortion is the most common in summer (6-August), and the abortion in autumn (September-November) is rare. The average positive rates of BVD, IBR and BPI infectious antibodies in 4 large-scale dairy farms were 75.4%, 87.4% and 91.4%, respectively. Positive antibodies with the above three viruses were detected. The average positive rate of the anti-Brucellosis antibody was 25. 1% in the serum of the cow with the stillbirth of the abortion. The total positive rate of BVDV, IBRV and BPIV-3 was 11.29% (28/ 248), 9.26% (15/ 162) and 10.00% (18/ 180), respectively, by real-time fluorescent RT-PCR/ PCR. Of these, the positive rates of BVDV, IBRV and BPIV-3 were 25. 42% (15/ 59), 5. 08% (3/ 59) and 25. 42% (15/ 59), respectively, and the above-mentioned pathogens were not detected from the frozen semen of the same bull. The results of the epidemiological investigation and the molecular epidemiology were analyzed in the case of mixed infection, from the nasal swabs of the calf and the stillbirth of the abortive fetus, 2 to 3 cases of the mixed infection of the epidemic were detected, and from the calf and the fetal bovine serum, and the mixed infection of 2 to 4 kinds of diseases is detected. Among them, the positive rate of the antibodies containing BVD, IBR, BPI and Bruculosis was 22. 6%. The results showed that the mixed infection of these pathogens was more common in the breeding of dairy cows. The present study preliminarily identified the infection and epidemic situation of four diseases caused by the large-scale cattle field in the northern Xinjiang, and provided the epidemiological data for the prevention and control of the corresponding epidemic diseases, and has an important guiding role in the practice production.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：石河子大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S858.23

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