【摘要】：內(nèi)蒙古草原是我國(guó)最大的天然草原牧場(chǎng)和重要的生態(tài)屏障。作為氣候變化敏感區(qū)和生態(tài)脆弱區(qū),近年來(lái)受氣候條件和人為破壞,草原植被覆蓋量持續(xù)下降,導(dǎo)致草地退化、旱澇、鼠蟲害、沙塵暴等頻頻發(fā)生,給國(guó)家?guī)?lái)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。因此研究草原植被的時(shí)空變化和與相關(guān)因子的關(guān)系顯得尤為重要。 本研究利用遙感技術(shù),分析了內(nèi)蒙古草地近10年植被指數(shù)與氣候因子的關(guān)系；通過(guò)作NDVI時(shí)間序列研究了內(nèi)蒙古草原蓋度的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律；并利用EMD小波降噪模型,結(jié)合地面樣本資料,從亞類層面分析各植被的時(shí)空分布特征。本文主要研究結(jié)果表明： (1)烏拉特、錫林浩特和鄂溫克的年平均氣溫整體變化不大；錫林浩特、鄂溫克旗的降水量逐年減少,烏拉特中旗呈現(xiàn)波動(dòng)上升趨勢(shì)；內(nèi)蒙古中西部對(duì)降水響應(yīng)程度高于東部地區(qū),降水集中在7、8月份,90年代后,降水突變間隔的縮短,東部地區(qū)旱澇災(zāi)害頻發(fā)。鄂溫克旗各氣候因子和NDVI相關(guān)性均不顯著：錫林浩特、烏拉特中旗降水量與NDVI呈正相關(guān)性,相關(guān)系數(shù)分別0.455(通過(guò)0.05顯著性檢驗(yàn))和0.309；烏拉特中旗風(fēng)速、日照與NDVI呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)性,相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為-0.455和-0.418(均通過(guò)0.05顯著性檢驗(yàn))。 (2)烏拉特以溫性草原荒漠植被為主,月值NDVI變化很��；鄂溫克旗以林地及高原草地為主,冬季植被落葉,NDVI變化甚大；錫林浩特為高原草地,NDVI變化適中。生長(zhǎng)季植被自東北林地向西南沙漠逐漸變綠。 (3)近10年,烏拉特中旗植被呈先退化后恢復(fù)的趨勢(shì)；錫林浩特地區(qū)植被整體上呈先退化后恢復(fù)趨勢(shì),2000年植被狀況最差,2000年之后顯著恢復(fù),2000-2007年,83.968%草原植被趨于好轉(zhuǎn)；鄂溫克旗地區(qū)呈先退化后恢復(fù)再嚴(yán)重退化的趨勢(shì),2007年植被狀況最差,2000年后植被恢復(fù)顯著。 (4)1998-2008年內(nèi)蒙古草地生長(zhǎng)季植被指數(shù)自西向東呈階梯式上升的趨勢(shì)。2001年植被退化最嚴(yán)重,1998后出現(xiàn)了大范圍、高強(qiáng)度的植被退化,2001-2002恢復(fù)程度較高,2002年后趨于平緩,2004和2006有所下降,2007年開始好轉(zhuǎn)。2000年之后相關(guān)保護(hù)政策實(shí)施,30%以上的退化草地得到不同程度的恢復(fù),得出過(guò)度放牧等人為因素為主導(dǎo)因子。 (5)EMD信號(hào)趨勢(shì)提取技術(shù)能去除噪聲和誤差信息,更好地獲取不同類型植被的生長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。EMD烏拉特地區(qū)陰山南麓,前沖積扇和黃河灌溉區(qū)域有良好的植被覆蓋；1999-2007年,大部分地區(qū)植被改善；西北和北部戈壁沙漠地區(qū)一些植被得到了改善,平均NDVI值仍小于0.1,呈嚴(yán)重沙漠化狀態(tài)；中部地區(qū)則波動(dòng)不斷,年際變化較大,并無(wú)顯著改善；烏拉特中旗整體年平均NDVI值逐年上升。繪制出10類植被的生長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)曲線,發(fā)現(xiàn)第6類植被(主要牧草)擬合斜率為負(fù),表明具有衰減趨勢(shì),與過(guò)度放牧等人為因素有關(guān)。
[Abstract]:Inner Mongolia grassland is the largest natural grassland pasture and an important ecological barrier in China. As a sensitive area of climate change and an ecologically fragile area, in recent years, due to climatic conditions and man-made damage, the amount of grassland vegetation cover has been continuously declining, resulting in grassland degradation, drought and waterlogging, insect pests and mice, sandstorms, etc. Bring great economic losses to the country. Therefore, it is very important to study the temporal and spatial changes of grassland vegetation and the relationship between grassland vegetation and related factors. The relationship between vegetation index and climatic factors in Inner Mongolia grassland in recent 10 years was analyzed by using remote sensing technology, and the temporal and spatial distribution of grassland coverage in Inner Mongolia was studied by using NDVI time series. Based on the EMD wavelet denoising model and ground sample data, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of vegetation were analyzed from the subclass level. The main results of this paper are as follows: (1) the annual mean air temperature in Ulat, Xilinhaote and Ewenki does not change as a whole, the precipitation of Xilinhaote and Ewenki Banner decreases year by year, and the middle flag of Wurat is fluctuating and rising. The response to precipitation in the central and western Inner Mongolia is higher than that in the eastern region, and the precipitation is concentrated in July and August. After the 1990s, the abrupt interval of precipitation has been shortened, and the drought and flood disasters occurred frequently in the eastern region. There was no significant correlation between climatic factors and NDVI in Ewenki Banner: there was a positive correlation between precipitation and NDVI in Xilinhaote, and the correlation coefficients were 0.455 and 0.309 respectively. The correlation coefficient between wind speed, sunshine and NDVI was-0.455 and-0.418, respectively. (2) the temperature steppe desert vegetation is the main vegetation in Wulat, the monthly value of NDVI is very small, the Ewenki flag is mainly forestland and plateau grassland, the winter vegetation is deciduous, the NDVI change is very big, the Xilinhot is plateau grassland, the NDVI change is moderate. In the growing season, the vegetation gradually turns green from the northeast woodland to the southwest desert. (3) in the last 10 years, the vegetation in the middle flag of Ulat showed a tendency of first degradation and then restoration; The vegetation in Xilinhaote area showed a trend of first degradation and then restoration. The vegetation status was the worst in 2000 and recovered significantly after 2000. From 2000 to 2007, 83.298% of grassland vegetation tended to improve. Ewenki Banner area showed a tendency of first degradation and then restoration and then serious degradation. In 2007, the vegetation status was the worst, and the vegetation restoration was significant after 2000. (4) the vegetation index of Inner Mongolia grassland growing season increased step by step from west to east from 1998 to 2008.In 2001, vegetation degradation was the most serious, and after 1998, there appeared large-scale and high-intensity vegetation degradation, and the restoration degree was higher in 2001-2002. After 2000, more than 30% of degraded grassland was recovered to some extent, and human factors such as overgrazing were the dominant factor. (5) EMD signal trend extraction technology can remove noise and error information, and better obtain the growth trend of different types of vegetation. There is good vegetation cover in the south foot of Yinshan Mountain in EMD Wurat area and in the irrigation area of the front alluvial fan and the Yellow River. From 1999 to 2007, vegetation was improved in most areas, and some vegetation was improved in the Gobi desert in the northwest and north of China. The average NDVI value was still less than 0.1, showing a serious desertification state. In the middle part of China, the annual average NDVI value of the central flag increased year by year, and the annual variation was great, but there was no significant improvement. The growth trend curves of 10 types of vegetation were plotted and the slope of fitting of the sixth type vegetation (main forage grass) was found to be negative, which indicated that there was a tendency of attenuation, which was related to human factors such as overgrazing.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北工程大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S812

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本文編號(hào)：2307664