【摘要】：本研究以五臺(tái)山自然保護(hù)區(qū)山地草甸土為研究對(duì)象,以野外采樣調(diào)查與室內(nèi)研究分析相結(jié)合的方法,將采樣區(qū)分為踩踏嚴(yán)重區(qū)、輕微區(qū)和無(wú)踩踏區(qū),探討了旅游踩踏對(duì)山地草甸土酶活性、微生物數(shù)量及微生物生物量、無(wú)機(jī)態(tài)磷的影響,結(jié)合相關(guān)性分析、模糊數(shù)學(xué)等方法,建立由土壤物理性狀指標(biāo)、化學(xué)性狀指標(biāo)和生物學(xué)性狀指標(biāo)組成的指標(biāo)體系,確立了各評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的權(quán)重和隸屬度,進(jìn)而對(duì)土壤進(jìn)行綜合質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。研究結(jié)果具體表現(xiàn)如下：(1)旅游踩踏對(duì)五臺(tái)山東臺(tái)、北臺(tái)、南臺(tái)、西臺(tái)、中臺(tái)山地草句土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性有顯著的抑制作用,均表現(xiàn)為：無(wú)踩踏區(qū)酶活性踩踏輕微區(qū)酶活性踩踏嚴(yán)重區(qū)酶活性;踩踏對(duì)土壤磷酸酶活性、過(guò)氧化氫酶活性的影響表現(xiàn)為：無(wú)踩踏區(qū)踩踏嚴(yán)重區(qū)；不同土層脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性基本表現(xiàn)為：O-20cm20-40cm;在不同的踩踏程度下,北臺(tái)草句土壤蔗糖酶的活性隨著海拔高度的升高而逐漸增強(qiáng)；五個(gè)臺(tái)中,兩個(gè)土層踩踏嚴(yán)重區(qū)土壤過(guò)氧化氫酶活性均顯著低于無(wú)踩踏區(qū)(P0.05)。(2)旅游踩踏顯著抑制了五臺(tái)山五個(gè)臺(tái)山地草甸土0-20cm土層中的細(xì)菌、放線菌、真菌及三者的總數(shù),均表現(xiàn)為：無(wú)踩踏區(qū)輕微區(qū)嚴(yán)重區(qū)；踩踏對(duì)東臺(tái)土壤中細(xì)菌、放線菌、真菌數(shù)量及三者微生物總數(shù)影響最大；踩踏對(duì)20-40cm土層微生物的影響較小,踩踏基本沒(méi)有影響該層次東臺(tái)、北臺(tái)、西臺(tái)土壤中放線菌的數(shù)量；土壤中的三類(lèi)微生物的數(shù)量均表現(xiàn)為隨著土層的深度增加而減少。(3)踩踏對(duì)五臺(tái)山山地草甸0-20 cm、20-40 cm土層微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量磷有顯著抑制作用,其微生物量碳、氮、磷均表現(xiàn)為：無(wú)踩踏區(qū)輕微區(qū)嚴(yán)重區(qū)。其中在0-20 cm土層中,東臺(tái)、中臺(tái)的三個(gè)不同踩踏區(qū)微生物量碳差異均達(dá)到顯著水平(P0.05),東臺(tái)、南臺(tái)、西臺(tái)的三個(gè)不同踩踏區(qū)微生物量氮均差異顯著,且達(dá)到顯著水平(P0.05),東臺(tái)、北臺(tái)、西臺(tái)三個(gè)不同踩踏區(qū)微生物量磷分別達(dá)到差異顯著水平(P0.05),東臺(tái)微生物量磷含量最大；在20-40 cm土層中,東臺(tái)的3個(gè)不同踩踏區(qū)的微生物量碳差異達(dá)顯著水平(P0.05)。東臺(tái)、南臺(tái)、北臺(tái)、中臺(tái)的嚴(yán)重區(qū)微生物量氮與無(wú)踩踏區(qū)差異顯著,中臺(tái)的踩踏嚴(yán)重區(qū)對(duì)微生物量氮的影響最大,東臺(tái)、南臺(tái)三個(gè)不同踩踏區(qū)微生物磷含量分別達(dá)到差異顯著。0-20 cm土層的微生物生物量碳、氮、磷受到的影響最嚴(yán)重,20-40 cm土層的微生物生物量碳、氮、磷受到的影響較輕�？傊�,隨著踩踏程度的增加,土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷顯著降低。兩個(gè)土壤層的土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷都表現(xiàn)為隨土壤層的加深而減少。(4)旅游踩踏顯著影響了。-20 cm和20-40 cm土層土壤無(wú)機(jī)磷中的Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca-P含量,均表現(xiàn)為：無(wú)踩踏區(qū)輕微區(qū)嚴(yán)重區(qū)。同一海拔及土層上,無(wú)機(jī)磷的各個(gè)形態(tài)的含量表現(xiàn)為：Fe-PAl-PO-PCa-P;同一海拔的不同土層之間,不同形態(tài)土壤磷素呈現(xiàn)表聚性,隨著土層的加深而降低,即各無(wú)機(jī)磷形態(tài)均表現(xiàn)為0-20 cm土層的含量顯著高于20-40 cm土層的含量；同一土層下,各無(wú)機(jī)磷形態(tài)的含量均隨著海拔高度的升高而增加。(5)土壤酶活性與土壤養(yǎng)分、土壤容重、土壤硬度、微生物菌群數(shù)量、微生物量、重金屬之間具有不同程度的相關(guān)性,表現(xiàn)為：土壤脲酶與土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)呈顯著正相關(guān)(P0.05),與土壤全氮呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P0.01)；土壤磷酸酶與有機(jī)質(zhì)呈顯著正相關(guān)(P0.05),與全磷呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P0.01);微生物量磷與全磷、A I-P含量呈顯著正相關(guān)(P0.05),微生物量磷與Fe-P含量、0-P含量、Ca-P含量呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P0.01)；脲酶與細(xì)菌、Zn含量、Pb含量、Cd含量呈顯著正相關(guān)(P0.05)。(6)旅游踩踏對(duì)五臺(tái)山山地草句土壤質(zhì)量有明顯的影響。在0-20 cm和20-40 cm土層中,五臺(tái)山草甸自然保護(hù)區(qū)土壤質(zhì)量指數(shù)均表現(xiàn)為：無(wú)踩踏區(qū)踩踏輕微區(qū)踩踏嚴(yán)重區(qū),這說(shuō)明隨著旅游踩踏程度的增加,五臺(tái)山山地草甸土壤質(zhì)量明顯下降。旅游踩踏對(duì)0-20cm土層?xùn)|臺(tái)頂山地草甸土壤的影響程度最高,對(duì)北臺(tái)頂?shù)挠绊懘沃?對(duì)中臺(tái)頂?shù)挠绊懽畹?旅游踩踏對(duì)20-40cm土層南臺(tái)頂山地草甸土壤的影響程度最高,中臺(tái)頂?shù)挠绊懘沃?西臺(tái)頂?shù)挠绊懽畹汀?br/>[Abstract]:Taking the mountain meadow soil of Wutai Mountain Nature Reserve as the research object, this paper divides the sampling area into serious trample area, slight trample area and no trample area by the method of field sampling investigation and indoor analysis. The effects of trample on the enzyme activity, microbial quantity, microbial biomass and inorganic phosphorus of mountain meadow soil are discussed. By combining the methods of correlation analysis and fuzzy mathematics, an index system consisting of soil physical, chemical and biological indexes was established. The weight and subordinate degree of each index were established, and then the comprehensive quality of soil was evaluated. The activities of urease and sucrase in grassland soils of Nantai, Xitai and Zhongtai Mountains were significantly inhibited, which were shown as follows: the activities of urease and sucrase in slightly trampled areas were slightly inhibited; the activities of phosphatase and catalase were influenced by trampling in slightly trampled areas; the activities of urease and catalase in different soil layers were significantly inhibited in trampled-free areas; the activities The activities of invertase were as follows: O-20cm 20-40cm; the activities of invertase increased with the elevation increasing under different trampling degrees; the activities of catalase in two seriously trampled soil layers were significantly lower than those in non-trampled soil layers (P 0.05). (2) Tourist trampling significantly inhibited 5. The total number of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and the total number of the three in the 0-20cm soil layer of the five Taishan meadow soils were shown as follows: the serious area in the slight area without trampling; the number of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and the total number of the three microorganisms in the soil of Dongtai were most affected by trampling; the impact of trampling on the microorganisms in the 20-40cm soil layer was relatively small, and the trampling had no effect. The number of actinomycetes in the soils of Dongtai, Beitai and Xitai was decreased with the increase of soil depth. (3) Trampling significantly inhibited soil microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial biomass phosphorus in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers of Wutaishan meadow. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, the difference of microbial biomass carbon among the three different trampling zones of Dongtai, Zhongtai reached significant level (P 0.05). The difference of microbial biomass nitrogen among the three different trampling zones of Dongtai, Nantai and Xitai was significant (P 0.05), and reached significant level (P 0.05). The difference of microbial biomass phosphorus was significant (P 0.05), and the content of microbial biomass phosphorus was the highest in Dongtai. In 20-40 cm soil layer, the difference of microbial biomass carbon was significant (P 0.05). Microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil layers of Dongtai and Nantai had the most significant effect on microbial biomass nitrogen. Microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil layers of 20-40 cm were affected most seriously. In short, soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were slightly affected with the increase of the degree of trampling. Microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the two soil layers decreased with the deepening of soil layer. (4) Tourist trampling significantly affected the contents of Al-P, Fe-P, O-P and Ca-P in inorganic phosphorus in the soil layers of - 20 cm and 20-40 cm. The contents of inorganic phosphorus in the soil layers of - 20 cm and 20-40 cm were all shown as follows: no-trampling slightly serious area. Fe-PAl-PO-PCa-P; among different soil layers at the same altitude, phosphorus in different forms showed surface aggregation, and decreased with the deepening of soil layers, that is, the content of inorganic phosphorus in 0-20 cm soil layers was significantly higher than that in 20-40 cm soil layers; under the same soil layer, the content of inorganic phosphorus in different forms was with the increase of soil layers. (5) Soil enzyme activity was positively correlated with soil nutrients, soil bulk density, soil hardness, microbial flora, microbial biomass and heavy metals in varying degrees, showing that soil urease was positively correlated with soil organic matter (P 0.05), and positively correlated with soil total nitrogen (P 0.01). Acidase was positively correlated with organic matter (P 0.05), and positively correlated with total P (P 0.01); microbial biomass P was positively correlated with total P, A I-P content (P 0.05); microbial biomass P was positively correlated with Fe-P content, 0-P content, Ca-P content (P 0.01); urease was positively correlated with bacteria, Zn content, Pb content and Cd content (P 0.05). In the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers, the soil quality indices of Wutai Mountain meadow nature reserve were as follows: no-trample area slightly trample area seriously, which indicated that with the increase of trample degree, the soil quality of Wutai Mountain meadow decreased obviously. The impact of trampling on the meadow soil in 0-20cm soil layer was the highest in Dongtaiding Mountain, followed by that on Beitangding Mountain, and the lowest in Zhongtaiding Mountain.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S812.2

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