本文選題：不同放牧制度 + 土壤蒸發(fā)��； 參考：《內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：呼倫貝爾草原是全世界范圍內(nèi)最大的天然草原,草地水草肥美,與大興安嶺共同構(gòu)筑了我國(guó)北方的生態(tài)屏障。但是近年來(lái),隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展,草原上超載放牧現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,草原上牲畜-植被-水之間的問(wèn)題一直困擾著草原的生態(tài)環(huán)境的和諧發(fā)展。本文以呼倫貝爾草原不同放牧草場(chǎng)為研究對(duì)象,結(jié)合野外測(cè)試和模型模擬,調(diào)查不同放牧制度草場(chǎng)生態(tài)特性及土壤剖面特征,選定相應(yīng)草場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)場(chǎng),測(cè)定不同放牧制度草場(chǎng)利用方式對(duì)植被、土壤、生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響,通過(guò)在試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)模擬降雨試驗(yàn)、土壤蒸發(fā)試驗(yàn)、蒸發(fā)入滲試驗(yàn),測(cè)定相應(yīng)的土壤流失量、營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素流失量、植被截留量和土壤蒸發(fā)量等參數(shù)。利用有效混合深度模型、改進(jìn)王彥輝模型、作物系數(shù)模型與飛利浦入滲模型等對(duì)不同放牧草地的土壤水文狀況進(jìn)行模擬,采用模糊數(shù)學(xué)法對(duì)草地土壤健康狀況進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)。探討草地在不同放牧制度影響下土壤水文循環(huán)及其生態(tài)效應(yīng)的變化規(guī)律,為草地資源的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供依據(jù)。主要結(jié)論如下:(1)三種放牧草場(chǎng)0-80cm深土壤的物理、化學(xué)、生物特性差異顯著(P0.05),三種放牧草場(chǎng)土壤物理性質(zhì)變化無(wú)明顯規(guī)律。土壤中氮磷鉀等元素含量變化差異較大,總體顯示隨深度的增加逐漸增大。多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性退化程度變化趨勢(shì)基本一致,均隨土壤深度的增加而逐漸減小,且休牧草場(chǎng)輪牧草場(chǎng)自由放牧草場(chǎng)。(2)三種放牧草場(chǎng)土壤入滲率為休牧草場(chǎng)輪牧草場(chǎng)自由放牧草場(chǎng),有壓入滲速率高于無(wú)壓入滲速率,無(wú)壓入滲和有壓入滲均符合冪函數(shù)擬合關(guān)系。利用Horton模型、Philip模型、Kostiakov模型模擬不同放牧制度草地土壤入滲過(guò)程,其中Horton模型模擬效果最好,Kostiakov模型效果最差。休牧草場(chǎng)土壤蒸發(fā)量為0.884mm/day,輪牧草場(chǎng)土壤蒸發(fā)量為0.817 mm/day和自由放牧草場(chǎng)土壤蒸發(fā)量為0.794 mm/day。土壤含水率與土壤蒸發(fā)量相關(guān)系數(shù)最高為0.503-0.558,參考作物模型計(jì)算不同放牧制度草地土壤蒸發(fā)量,三種放牧草場(chǎng)土壤蒸發(fā)量的計(jì)算值和實(shí)測(cè)值基本變化趨勢(shì)吻合,自由放牧草場(chǎng)相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.95,納什系數(shù)為0.76,輪牧草場(chǎng)相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.92,納什系數(shù)為0.71,休牧草場(chǎng)相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.91,納什系數(shù)為0.63。(3)休牧、輪牧、自由放牧草場(chǎng)通過(guò)水浸泡法測(cè)得的截留量分別為0.675mm、0.413mm、0.287mm,降雨模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)得的截留量分別為1.110mm、0.734mm、0.497mm。三種放牧草場(chǎng)整體植被截留量與植被覆蓋度和葉面積、降雨量相關(guān)性較好,截留量與降雨量呈對(duì)數(shù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,與降雨強(qiáng)度間的關(guān)系呈拋物線。利用植被的蓋度、株高、生物量、葉面積指數(shù)與截留量間的關(guān)系,建立整體植被截留非線性回歸模型,模型的模擬效果較好,相關(guān)系數(shù)可以達(dá)到0.89以上。在非線性回歸模型的基礎(chǔ)上改進(jìn)王彥輝模型,對(duì)整體植被截留量進(jìn)行模擬,模擬效果較好相關(guān)系數(shù)均達(dá)到0.9以上。(4)三種放牧草場(chǎng)在相同降雨強(qiáng)度下產(chǎn)流量和產(chǎn)砂量均顯示為自由放牧草場(chǎng)輪牧草場(chǎng)休牧草場(chǎng)。降雨強(qiáng)度對(duì)不同放牧草場(chǎng)的泥沙流失量影響明顯,并且隨降雨強(qiáng)度的增加,流失土壤中粘性粒及粉性粒所占比例上升。三種放牧草場(chǎng)總氮流失量為高雨強(qiáng)時(shí)自由放牧草場(chǎng)流失最多,輪牧草場(chǎng)次之,休牧草場(chǎng)流失最少,中低雨強(qiáng)時(shí)輪放草場(chǎng)與自由放牧草場(chǎng)流失量相近,休牧草場(chǎng)流失最少。三種放牧草場(chǎng)總磷流失量為自由放牧草場(chǎng)最多,休牧草場(chǎng)次之,輪牧草場(chǎng)最少�；旌仙疃饶Ｐ湍M三種放牧制度草場(chǎng)氮磷流失過(guò)程,不完全混合模型的模擬結(jié)果優(yōu)越于完全混合模型,氮流失過(guò)程模擬精度小于5%,磷模擬精度小于10%。(5)從土壤物理、化學(xué)、生物特性和草地生態(tài)水文特性出發(fā)對(duì)草地進(jìn)行健康評(píng)價(jià),得出休牧草場(chǎng)處于健康狀態(tài),輪牧草場(chǎng)處于亞健康狀態(tài)或健康狀態(tài),自由放牧草場(chǎng)處于不健康狀態(tài)。
[Abstract]:Hulun Buir Grassland is the largest natural grassland in the world. The grassland water grass is rich and the ecological barrier of northern China is built together with Greater Khingan Range. But in recent years, with the rapid and rapid development of the social economy, the overgrazing phenomenon on the grassland is serious. The problem of livestock, vegetation and water on the grassland has been puzzling the ecological ring of the grassland. In this paper, we take the different grazing grassland in Hulun Buir Grassland as the research object, combine the field test and model simulation, investigate the ecological characteristics and soil profile characteristics of different grazing systems, select the corresponding grassland test field, and determine the effects of different grazing systems on the vegetation, soil and the ecological environment. The field simulated rainfall experiment, soil evaporation test and evaporation infiltration test were used to determine the corresponding soil loss, nutrient loss, vegetation interception and soil evaporation. Using the effective mixing depth model, the improved Wang Yanhui model, the crop coefficient model and the PHILPS infiltration model were applied to the soil hydrology of different grazing grassland. The fuzzy mathematical method was used to evaluate the health status of grassland soil. The changes of the soil hydrological cycle and its ecological effects under the influence of different grazing systems were discussed. The main conclusions were as follows: (1) the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the 0-80cm deep soil in the three pasture pastures were as follows. The variation of soil physical properties of three pasture pastures was not obvious. The changes of the contents of N, P, K and other elements in the soil varied greatly, and the overall show increased with the increase of depth. The trend of the degradation of polyphenol oxidase, sucrase and urease activity was the same, and decreased gradually with the increase of soil depth. (2) the soil infiltration rate of the three grazing pastures is the free grazing grassland in the pasture pasture, and the pressure infiltration rate is higher than the non pressure infiltration rate, the pressure infiltration and the pressure infiltration are all fitted with the power function fitting relationship. The Horton model, the Philip model and the Kostiakov model simulated the different grazing systems. In the process of infiltration of grassland soil, the Horton model has the best simulation effect and the Kostiakov model has the worst effect. The soil evaporation of the Hugh pasture is 0.884mm/day, the soil evaporation of the grazing grassland is 0.817 mm/day and the soil evaporation of the free grazing grassland is 0.794 mm/day., and the correlation coefficient of soil moisture content and soil soil evaporation is the highest for reference. The crop model calculated the soil evaporation in different grazing systems. The calculated values of soil evaporation in three grazing pastures coincided with the measured values. The correlation coefficient of free grazing grassland was 0.95, the Nash coefficient was 0.76, the correlation coefficient of the pasture was 0.92, the Nash coefficient was 0.71, the correlation coefficient of the herd pasture was 0.91, and the Nash coefficient was 0.. 63. (3) herding, rotational grazing and free grazing grassland were measured by water immersion method (0.675mm, 0.413mm, 0.287mm). The interception measured by the simulated rainfall experiment was 1.110mm, 0.734mm, 0.497mm., the total vegetation interception of three grazing pastures was related to the vegetation coverage and leaf area, the rainfall was better, the interception and rainfall were the same. The relationship between several correlation and rainfall intensity is parabola. Using the relationship between vegetation coverage, plant height, biomass, leaf area index and interception, the whole vegetation interception nonlinear regression model is established. The simulation results of the model are better and the correlation coefficient can reach 0.89. On the basis of nonlinear regression model, the improvement of Wang Yanhuimo is improved. The total vegetation interception was simulated. The good correlation coefficient of the simulated results reached more than 0.9. (4) the yield and sand yield of three grazing pastures under the same rainfall intensity were all displayed in the free grazing grassland. The rainfall intensity had a significant effect on the sediment loss in different grazing pastures, and the rainfall intensity was observed with the rainfall intensity. In the three grazing pastures, the total nitrogen loss in the lost soil was increased. The loss of total nitrogen in the grazing grassland was the highest in the high rain intensity, the grazing grassland was the most, the grazing grassland was the least, the low rainfall intensity was close to the free grazing grassland, the loss of the herd pasture was the least. The total phosphorus in the pasture pasture was three. The loss amount is the most free grazing grassland, the rest pasture is the next, and the grazing grassland is the least. The mixed depth model simulates the nitrogen and phosphorus loss process in the three grazing systems. The simulation results of the incomplete mixing model are superior to the complete mixing model, the simulation precision of nitrogen loss process is less than 5%, the phosphorus simulation precision is less than 10%. (5) from soil physics, chemistry and biology. The grassland was in a healthy state, and the grazing grassland was in subhealth or healthy state, and the free grazing grassland was in an unhealthy state.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S812
，

本文編號(hào)：1994332