本文選題：氮沉降　切入點(diǎn)：氮素化合物　出處：《沈陽師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著工業(yè)革命的發(fā)展,人類的活動(dòng)對(duì)地球環(huán)境的影響越來越嚴(yán)重。工廠廢氣的排放,化石燃料的燃燒以及化肥的過度使用,使得大氣中的氮素化合物日趨上升。大氣中的氮素通過干沉降和濕沉降兩種方式輸入到陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,這給陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)帶來大量的氮素輸入,氮素的輸入對(duì)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能帶來顯著的影響。氮素富集對(duì)地上植物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響已經(jīng)做了大量的研究,但是對(duì)地下生物群落對(duì)氮沉降的響應(yīng)及其機(jī)理研究相對(duì)偏少。土壤是陸生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生物多樣性最豐富的亞系統(tǒng),土壤動(dòng)物對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有機(jī)質(zhì)的分解、養(yǎng)分循環(huán)起著重要作用,其與土壤微生物、地上植物構(gòu)成的食物鏈調(diào)控著生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。土壤線蟲是陸地上多度最高的多細(xì)胞生物,適應(yīng)環(huán)境能力強(qiáng),因此線蟲可以生活在任何的地方,其對(duì)環(huán)境干擾響應(yīng)敏感,是典型的指示生物。為此,我們利用中國科學(xué)院內(nèi)蒙古額爾古納不同氮素化合物添加實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái),研究土壤線蟲群落對(duì)草原不同利用方式(刈割與不刈割)、不同氮素化合物添加的響應(yīng)方式及其機(jī)理。相對(duì)于其他氮素添加實(shí)驗(yàn)不同的是,本實(shí)驗(yàn)的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)是添加五種不同的氮素化合物,這與大氣中氮素化合物種類更為貼近,更能真實(shí)的反應(yīng)實(shí)際情況下氮沉降對(duì)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中土壤動(dòng)物的影響。不同的氮素化合物對(duì)土壤線蟲的影響是不同的,隨著氮素速率的增加,土壤線蟲的多度有明顯的升高,而多樣性卻顯著降低,這意味著,隨著氮素的添加導(dǎo)致土壤線蟲物種的丟失。而通過分析土壤線蟲的成熟度指數(shù)(MI)以及優(yōu)勢(shì)屬集中程度指數(shù)(DOM)這兩個(gè)指數(shù)來看,隨著氮素的添加,土壤線蟲的成熟度降低,優(yōu)勢(shì)屬的集中程度增多,表明大量的氮素輸入導(dǎo)致土壤線蟲群落退化。通過土壤線蟲群落不同功能團(tuán)的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),不同的氮素化合物對(duì)不同的功能團(tuán)的影響不同:其中,食細(xì)菌和食真菌兩類線蟲對(duì)氮素化合物的添加是呈上升趨勢(shì);相反,隨著氮素化合物速率的增加,捕食雜食類線蟲和植物寄生類線蟲的數(shù)量是降低的。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)氮素添加降低了食真菌線蟲與食細(xì)菌線蟲的比例(F/B),表明氮素添加后,土壤養(yǎng)分循環(huán)更多的通過細(xì)菌途徑進(jìn)行。本研究對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)全球變化背景下草原土壤線蟲多樣性的響應(yīng)具有重要的意義。
[Abstract]:With the development of the industrial revolution, the impact of human activities on the earth's environment has become more and more serious. The emissions from factories, the burning of fossil fuels, and the overuse of chemical fertilizers, Nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere are rising day by day. Nitrogen in the atmosphere is fed into the terrestrial ecosystem by both dry and wet deposition, which brings a lot of nitrogen input to the terrestrial ecosystem. Nitrogen input has a significant impact on the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. The effects of nitrogen enrichment on the community structure of aboveground plants have been studied extensively. However, there are few studies on the response and mechanism of underground biota to nitrogen deposition. Soil is the most abundant sub-system of terrestrial ecosystem biodiversity. Soil animals play an important role in the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling in ecosystem. The structure and function of the ecosystem are regulated by the food chain of soil microbes and aboveground plants. The soil nematodes are the most abundant multicellular organisms on the land and have a strong ability to adapt to the environment, so that nematodes can live anywhere. It is sensitive to environmental disturbance and is a typical indicator organism. To this end, we use different nitrogen compounds in Erguna, Inner Mongolia, Chinese Academy of Sciences to add experimental platform. The responses and mechanisms of soil nematode communities to different utilization patterns (mowing and no cutting, different nitrogen compounds addition) in grassland were studied. Compared with other nitrogen supplementation experiments, the response of soil nematode community to grassland was different from that of other nitrogen supplementation experiments. The innovation of this experiment is the addition of five different nitrogen compounds, which is closer to the type of nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere. Different nitrogen compounds have different effects on soil nematodes, and the abundance of soil nematodes increases with the increase of nitrogen rate. But the diversity decreased significantly, which means that the loss of soil nematode species was due to the addition of nitrogen. By analyzing the maturity index (MII) and the dominant genus concentration index (DOM) of soil nematodes, With the addition of nitrogen, the maturity of soil nematodes decreased, and the concentration of dominant genera increased, indicating that a large amount of nitrogen input led to the degradation of soil nematode communities. The effects of different nitrogen compounds on different functional groups were different: among them, the addition of nitrogen compounds by two kinds of nematodes, bacteria and fungi, showed an upward trend; on the contrary, with the increase of the rate of nitrogen compounds, The number of predatory nematodes and plant parasitic nematode decreased. The study found that nitrogen addition reduced the ratio of fungal nematode to bacteriophagous nematode, indicating that the addition of nitrogen decreased the ratio of fungous nematode to bacterial nematode. Soil nutrient cycling is more carried out through bacterial pathway. This study is of great significance to predict the response of soil nematode diversity in steppe under the background of global change.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S812.2

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