本文關(guān)鍵詞： 戈壁針茅草原 群落特征 植物區(qū)系地理 群落多樣性 土壤微量元素　出處：《內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：戈壁針茅(Stipa gobica)為多年生旱生叢生小型草本,屬針茅屬(Stipa)羽針組(Sect.Smirnvia),區(qū)系地理成分為亞洲中部分布種。戈壁針茅草原是一種小型針茅為建群種的草原,主要分布于荒漠草原區(qū)的石質(zhì)丘陵或石質(zhì)山坡,向東可以分布在典型草原區(qū)的石質(zhì)丘陵或山地,向西也可以分布在荒漠區(qū)的石質(zhì)山坡上。由于戈壁針茅與石生針茅(Stipa klemenzii)在分布區(qū)上近重合,在形態(tài)上又相似,在我國及蒙古國主要著作中記載的由二者分別建群構(gòu)成的草原類型出現(xiàn)完全顛倒(主要是由于學(xué)名的顛倒造成的),導(dǎo)致群落學(xué)上的描述與實際不相符。所以,系統(tǒng)深入地研究中國戈壁針茅草原植物群落基本特征及其地理分布有助于區(qū)別戈壁針茅草原和石生針茅草原的群落特征,訂正主要植被著作中的混亂,拓展草原植被生態(tài)學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域,可為中國草原的植被區(qū)劃,合理地制定綜合自然區(qū)劃方案提供科學(xué)依據(jù),并對荒漠草原區(qū)植被保育和合理的安排放牧及畜牧生產(chǎn)具有重要的實踐指導(dǎo)意義。在系統(tǒng)了解中國戈壁針茅草原的群落特征及其空間分布規(guī)律,并對中國戈壁針茅草原116個樣地進(jìn)行詳細(xì)樣方調(diào)查、分析的基礎(chǔ)上,得出下結(jié)論:1、建群種戈壁針茅雖然與石生針茅的分布區(qū)相似,但形態(tài)特征與天山針茅更相近,與石生針茅在形態(tài)特征上存在較大的差異。戈壁針茅與近緣種天山針茅在穎片長、外稃長度、芒長、芒針長度、外稃先端是否具毛環(huán)等特征上均具有明顯差別,在地理分布上戈壁針茅與天山針茅(Stipatianschanica)的分布中心也相對獨立,因此可得出結(jié)論:天山針茅和戈壁針茅在種間存在多個獨立的、變異間斷的形態(tài)性狀,且兩個物種具有各自獨立的多度分布中心,符合"形態(tài)-生物學(xué)物種Morphology-biology pecies"的概念,是形態(tài)鮮明有別,地理分布獨立的兩個物種。2、根據(jù)已有樣方資料統(tǒng)計中國戈壁針茅草原共有維管植物303種,隸屬于40科,139屬。其中裸子植物5種,隸屬于2科,2屬;被子植物298種,隸屬于38科,137屬,含物種數(shù)大于10種的科分別為:菊科(Compositae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、豆科(Leguminosae)、薔薇科(Rosaceae)、百合科(Liliaceae)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、石竹科(Caryophyllaceae);戈壁針茅草原植物區(qū)系的生活型譜以地面芽植物為主,共189種植物、占總種數(shù)的62.38%;水分生態(tài)類型以旱生植物為主,共127種,占總種數(shù)的41.91%;植物區(qū)系地理成分上以亞洲中部分布種(含其變型)最多,共95種,占總種數(shù)的31.35%;蓋度等級劃分上以0.1%-1%的蓋度最多,占總種數(shù)的64.1%;恒有度等級劃分上以I級(0%-20%)的物種數(shù)最多,共259種植物,占所有植物種數(shù)的94.87%。3、基于群落調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)、按照群落-外貌分類原則,將戈壁針茅群系劃分為8個群叢組、106個群叢,并對每個群叢的分布區(qū)、群落特征進(jìn)行了描述,以及對戈壁針茅草原植物群落的生態(tài)演替關(guān)系進(jìn)行了分析。4、中國戈壁針茅草原群落多樣性沿海拔和經(jīng)度梯度表現(xiàn)出有規(guī)律的變化,隨著經(jīng)度的升高,群落的α多樣性整體水平呈直線或波動性上升趨勢,隨著海拔的升高,α多樣性中物種豐富度呈先增后減的趨勢,其他多樣性指數(shù)呈整體上升的趨勢;而β多樣性指數(shù)隨經(jīng)度的升高,呈現(xiàn)波動性的上升趨勢,在108-109°E處,Cody多樣性指數(shù)達(dá)到最高值,而Jaccard相似性系數(shù)達(dá)到最低值;β多樣性指數(shù)隨海拔的增大呈現(xiàn)出先增后減的趨勢,在海拔1700m左右處達(dá)到最大值。5、通過戈壁針茅草原與地帶性群落石生針茅草原、短花針茅(Stipa breviflora)草原和克氏針茅(Stipa krylovii)草原的土壤微量元素和土壤pH值的對比研究,得出土壤微量元素中對戈壁針茅草原群落的分布影響最大的兩個微量元素分別為Cr元素和Cu元素含量,其原因可概括為以下幾點:第一,戈壁針茅草原的土壤pH值要顯著低于其他草原類型的土壤,而有研究表明土壤pH值與Cr元素和Cu元素的含量是呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)的;第二,有可能是戈壁針茅物種本身對于這兩種元素的選擇性吸收能力要強于對其他土壤微量元素,因此戈壁針茅的根從礫石質(zhì)化嚴(yán)重的巖石風(fēng)化物中吸取這兩種元素,隨著植株體的死亡,將植株內(nèi)吸收的這兩種元素又歸還到土壤當(dāng)中,使得群落土壤中這兩種元素的含量顯著高于其他草原類型的土壤;第三,戈壁針茅草原所處的生境礫石質(zhì)化明顯高于其地帶性草原類型,所受風(fēng)蝕的程度也明顯高于其他草原類型,使得土壤中礦物的風(fēng)化和分解的速度也自然顯著快于其他草原類型的土壤,而隨著土壤中礦物的風(fēng)化和分解,其中的土壤微量元素含量自然升高,這也可能成為戈壁針茅草原的土壤微量元素整體水平高于其他草原類型且Cr元素和Cu元素的含量顯著高于其他草原類型的一個原因。
[Abstract]:Gobi (Stipa gobica) is a perennial species with small genus of xerophytic herbaceous, Stipa (Stipa) group (Sect.Smirnvia), feather needle flora for the Asian part of cloth. Gobi steppe is a small Stipa as edificators grassland, desert grassland is mainly distributed in the rocky hills or stony hill, to the East can be distributed in the typical steppe area of rocky hills or mountains to the west can be distributed in the desert region of the rocky hillside. Because Gobi Stipa and Stipa klemenzii (Stipa klemenzii) nearly coincide in the distribution area, and similar in morphology, the two group of grassland types respectively. The main works recorded in China and Mongolia in China appear upside down (mainly due to name upside down), resulting in the school community description does not match with the actual system. Therefore, in-depth study of Gobi plant communities of Stipa steppe China basic characteristics Sign is helpful to distinguish between community characteristics of Gobi steppe and Stipa klemenzii steppe and its geographical distribution, the main vegetation in the works of correction of confusion, expand the research field of grassland vegetation ecology, vegetation regionalization for Chinese grassland, reasonably establish the comprehensive natural zoning program to provide a scientific basis, and has important practical significance to the grassland vegetation the desert area conservation and reasonable arrangement of grazing and livestock production. In the system to understand the distribution characteristics of community and space China Gobi steppe, and the Chinese Gobi steppe 116 plots detailed investigation, based on the analysis, draw the conclusion: 1, edificators of Stipa in Gobi although the distribution area and stone students of Stipa are similar, but morphological characteristics and the Stipa is more similar, and Stipa klemenzii have great differences in morphological characteristics of Stipa and related species. Gobi Tianshan needle Mao Zaiying Length, lemma length, awn length, awn needle length, lemma apex ciliate ring features whether have obvious differences in the geographical distribution of Stipa in Gobi and Tianshan Stipa (Stipatianschanica) distribution center is relatively independent, we can draw a conclusion: Tianshan and Gobi in Stipa species of Stipa has more than one independent. Morphological variation and discontinuous, two species abundance distribution center has independent, accord with the concept of "form - biological species Morphology-biology pecies", is a distinctive form of two species are different, the geographical distribution of.2 independent, according to statistics Gobi Chinese Stipa grassland plots there are vascular plants of 303 species. Belonging to 40 families and 139 genera. Among them there are 5 species gymnosperm belonging to 2 families, 2 genera; 298 species of angiosperms, belonging to 38 families, 137 genera, including more than 10 species of Compositae were: (Compositae), Gramineae (Gramineae), beans Science (Leguminosae), Rosaceae and Liliaceae (Rosaceae) (Liliaceae), Chenopodiaceae and Caryophyllaceae (Chenopodiaceae) (Caryophyllaceae); spectrum hemicrypotophyte live in Gobi grassland flora, 189 species, accounting for 62.38% of the total species; water ecological types xerophytes mainly, a total of 127, accounting for 41.91% of the total species; the geographical composition of the flora in the Asian part of cloth (including its variants) most, a total of 95, accounting for 31.35% of the total species; the coverage classification based on 0.1%-1% coverage up to 64.1% of the total species; the constant degree classification to I (0%-20%) species, 259 species, accounting for all species of the 94.87%.3 community, based on survey data, according to the classification principle of community appearance, Gobi Stipa is divided into 8 cluster groups, 106 groups, and the distribution area of each cluster, community characteristics are described, and the The relationship between ecological succession in steppe plants in Gobi were analyzed by.4, China Gobi steppe community diversity along altitudinal gradient and longitude show regular changes, with the longitude increased, community diversity overall level is linear or volatility upward trend, with the increase of altitude, diversity in species richness first increased and then decreased, other diversity index showed an upward trend; while the index of beta diversity with increasing latitude, the rise in volatility, 108-109 ~ E, Cody diversity index reached the highest value, while the Jaccard similarity coefficient reaches the minimum value; diversity index with altitude the increase showed increased firstly and then decreased, reached the maximum value of.5 at an altitude of about 1700m, and through the Gobi steppe zone group students rockfall Stipa steppe, Stipa breviflora STEPPE (Stipa breviflora) and Kirschner wire Mao (Stipa krylovii) Comparative Study of grassland soil trace elements and soil pH value, the distribution of Gobi steppe communities of trace elements in soil affect the two largest trace element were Cr and Cu elements content, the reason can be summarized as follows: first, the soil pH in Gobi steppe the value was lower than that of other types of grassland soil, and studies have shown that the pH value of soil and the content of Cr and Cu elements are negatively related; second, there may be a species of Stipa in Gobi for the two elements of the selective absorption ability is stronger than that of other trace elements in the soil, thus draw the two elements Gobi Stipa rock weathering serious root from gravel quality, with the plant's death, the two kinds of elements in plants to absorb and return to the soil, making the two kinds of elements in the soil containing community The amount was significantly higher than that in other types of grassland soil; third, Gobi steppe where habitat of gravel is significantly higher than that of the steppe type, the erosion degree is significantly higher than that of other types of grassland, the weathering of minerals in the soil and the rate of decomposition is significantly faster than other natural grassland types and soil. With the soil mineral weathering and decomposition of soil trace elements in the natural increase, which may be the content of the overall level of soil trace elements in Gobi grassland is higher than other types of grassland and the Cr and Cu elements were significantly higher than that of a reason other types of grassland.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S812

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