【摘要】：現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中,由于生活節(jié)奏的加快和劇烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),許多人面對(duì)著巨大的精神壓力,由此引發(fā)了各種各樣的心理問題。這些問題不僅會(huì)影響到個(gè)人健康,也會(huì)影響到家庭幸福和社會(huì)和諧。心理咨詢可以幫助人們更好地控制自我情緒狀態(tài),激發(fā)自我察覺意識(shí)與自身潛能。隨著人們心理健康意識(shí)的增強(qiáng)和社會(huì)各界對(duì)心理問題的重視,我國(guó)的心理咨詢行業(yè)得到了飛速發(fā)展。心理咨詢是“以言治病”的活動(dòng),咨詢師通過言語來推動(dòng)雙方的會(huì)談,從而達(dá)到治療目的。而這一推動(dòng)會(huì)談的過程必然涉及到語用策略的選擇和運(yùn)用。大量的研究表明,要想取得良好的治療效果,培養(yǎng)一種溫暖、愉悅、可信的關(guān)系是心理治療中的重要因素。在建立這種關(guān)系的過程中,共情起著至關(guān)重要的作用。心理咨詢中的共情是指咨詢師從來訪者的角度理解來訪者的想法、感受和痛苦的敏感性和意愿。它是準(zhǔn)確感受當(dāng)事人的私人世界的能力,是智力與情感的過程,不僅需要認(rèn)知、理解另一個(gè)人的情緒與處境,還需要將這種理解準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)給來訪者。雖然共情這一現(xiàn)象引起了專家學(xué)者的重視并已有許多研究成果,但這些研究大都是從心理學(xué)角度出發(fā),關(guān)注點(diǎn)在于較為宏觀的共情的作用及技術(shù)層面,而對(duì)于咨詢師在會(huì)談過程中共情表達(dá)的具體實(shí)踐方面研究很少。因些,本文以真實(shí)心理咨詢中的語料為研究對(duì)象,從心理學(xué)和語用學(xué)相結(jié)合的角度出發(fā),結(jié)合語言順應(yīng)論,對(duì)心理咨詢師在實(shí)際會(huì)談中傳達(dá)共情的具體語用策略進(jìn)行了研究。本研究的語料收集于高校心理咨詢中心、心理訪談電視節(jié)目以及心理學(xué)專業(yè)書籍中的經(jīng)典案例。本研究結(jié)合語言順應(yīng)論,運(yùn)用質(zhì)性研究法和闡釋法,對(duì)收集的語料進(jìn)行了分析,提取了咨詢師表達(dá)共情的語言片段,通過對(duì)這些語言的分析試圖找出心理咨詢師在共情過程中使用的具體語用策略。通過整理歸納,本研究總結(jié)出了心理咨詢師在會(huì)談過程中傳達(dá)共情的語用策略。這些策略分別是：根據(jù)具體的語用環(huán)境使用一定的指示詞語傳達(dá)共情；通過解述傳達(dá)共情；通過問話預(yù)設(shè)傳達(dá)共情。從理論意義出發(fā),本研究以心理咨詢?cè)捳Z這種特殊的機(jī)構(gòu)話語為研究對(duì)象,從語言學(xué)的角度對(duì)心理咨詢語言進(jìn)行研究,展現(xiàn)了心理咨詢師共情的語用策略,豐富了心理咨詢?cè)捳Z的語用學(xué)理論,彌補(bǔ)了對(duì)心理咨詢師共情語言研究的不足。從實(shí)際意義出發(fā),本研究所得結(jié)論也可以心理咨詢師提供借鑒,提高其共情表達(dá)的策略與水平,促進(jìn)與改善咨詢雙方的關(guān)系。另外,本研究對(duì)人們的日常會(huì)話交流也有一定的借鑒作用,通過運(yùn)用共情策略來提高會(huì)話效率,促進(jìn)人際關(guān)系。
[Abstract]:In modern society, due to the quickening of the pace of life and fierce competition, many people face great mental pressure, which leads to a variety of psychological problems. These problems affect not only personal health, but also family happiness and social harmony. Psychological counseling can help people better control self-emotional state, stimulate self-awareness and self-potential. Along with the enhancement of people's mental health consciousness and the attention to psychological problems from all walks of life, the psychological consultation industry in our country has been developed at full speed. Psychological counseling is an activity of "treating diseases with words". The counselor promotes the talks between the two sides through words to achieve the purpose of treatment. The process of promoting the talks is bound to involve the choice and application of pragmatic strategies. A large number of studies have shown that cultivating a warm, pleasant and credible relationship is an important factor in psychotherapy in order to achieve a good therapeutic effect. Empathy plays a crucial role in establishing this relationship. Empathy in psychological consultation refers to the sensitivity and willingness of the counselor to understand his thoughts, feelings and pain from the perspective of the visitor. It is the ability to accurately feel the private world of the parties. It is a process of intelligence and emotion. It not only needs to know and understand another person's emotion and situation, but also needs to convey this understanding to the visitors accurately. Although the phenomenon of empathy has attracted the attention of experts and scholars and has a lot of research results, most of these studies are from a psychological point of view, focusing on the role of empathy and the technical aspects of macro-level. However, there is little research on the specific practice of empathy expressed by consultants in the course of the talks. Therefore, taking the corpus of real psychological consultation as the research object, this paper studies the specific pragmatic strategies of psychological counselors to convey empathy in practical talks from the point of view of the combination of psychology and pragmatics, combined with linguistic adaptation theory. The data collected in this study are classic cases from psychological counseling centers, psychological interview TV programs and psychological professional books in colleges and universities. Combining with linguistic adaptation theory, this study analyzes the collected corpus by using qualitative research method and interpretation method, and extracts the language fragments of counselors expressing empathy. Through the analysis of these languages, the author tries to find out the specific pragmatic strategies used by psychological counselors in empathy. Through sorting out and summarizing, this study summarizes the pragmatic strategies of psychological counselors to convey empathy in the course of the talks. These strategies are: using certain demonstrative words to convey empathy according to the specific pragmatic environment; conveying empathy through interpretation; and communicating empathy through questioning presupposition. From the theoretical point of view, this study focuses on the psychological counseling discourse, which is a special institutional discourse, and studies the psychological counseling language from the linguistic point of view, which shows the psychological counselor's empathy pragmatic strategy. It enriches the pragmatic theory of counseling discourse and makes up for the deficiency of empathy language study of psychological counselors. From the practical point of view, the conclusion of this study can also be used for reference by psychological counselors to improve the strategy and level of empathy expression and to promote and improve the relationship between the two sides. In addition, this study can be used for reference to improve the efficiency of conversation and promote interpersonal relationship by using empathy strategies.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：H136

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