【摘要】：本文從語言接觸和類型學(xué)的角度,使用對(duì)比研究的方法對(duì)“元白話”和西北方言中與“純漢語”異質(zhì)的特殊語法現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行考察研究。緒論部分明確了考察對(duì)象為元代蒙式漢語、“漢兒言語”和與阿爾泰語系接觸的西北接觸方言。三者作為接觸對(duì)象相似但程度不同的連續(xù)統(tǒng)具有可比性。研究方法上,以蒙式漢語中的特殊語法現(xiàn)象為參照,分別考察同一語法范疇或表達(dá)在三種語言中的表現(xiàn)。目的是厘清西北接觸方言與蒙式漢語和“漢兒言語”的關(guān)系,考察各語法參項(xiàng)在語言接觸影響下的蘊(yùn)含共性以及探究西北接觸方言的性質(zhì)和來源。第一章考察了復(fù)數(shù)詞尾“每(們)”的特殊用法,認(rèn)為西北接觸方言和蒙式漢語屬于同一類型;“漢兒言語”更接近于“純漢語”。復(fù)數(shù)詞尾“們”的接受度等級(jí)序列為:無生命名詞指示代詞/VP的/并列名詞數(shù)量短語。第二章從語義格角度考察了三種語言的格范疇,蒙式漢語多以后置方位詞做格標(biāo)記,西北接觸方言也有較為完整的格系統(tǒng)和豐富的后置格標(biāo)記�！皾h兒言語”和“純漢語”一致,多用前置的介詞做格標(biāo)記。語言接觸過程中易受影響的語義格的等級(jí)序列為:受事格/工具格/處所格與事格/同事格/依據(jù)格比較格。第三章考察了三種語言的語序類型。西北接觸方言和蒙式漢語在具有和諧性或蘊(yùn)含性的七種語序參項(xiàng)中全部顯示出OV類型語序特征。“漢兒言語”的OV語序特征相對(duì)來說沒有另外兩者明顯。從漢語保持VO型特征這個(gè)角度上說,“小句基本成分語序”和“前置詞-后置詞”這兩種語序類型參項(xiàng)是最穩(wěn)固的。第四章考察了蒙式漢語中出現(xiàn)的“者”、“呵”、“有”等助詞和動(dòng)詞的特殊用法和蒙漢混合結(jié)構(gòu),除了用字不同以外,西北接觸方言對(duì)應(yīng)的助詞和動(dòng)詞在分布和功能方面與其基本一致,而漢兒言語不具有這一特點(diǎn)。第五章是結(jié)語部分,通過對(duì)全部25種參項(xiàng)的考察,西北接觸方言在23種參項(xiàng)上與蒙式漢語相似,在15種上與“漢兒言語”相似,因此西北接觸方言更接近于蒙式漢語。西北接觸方言中的特殊語法現(xiàn)象是語言轉(zhuǎn)用引發(fā)的干擾導(dǎo)致的,和蒙式漢語的形成類似,都受到了阿爾泰語系語言底層的影響。
[Abstract]:From the perspective of linguistic contact and typology, this paper makes a comparative study of the special grammatical phenomena which are different from "pure Chinese" in "Yuan Bai Dialect" and "Northwest Dialect". It is comparable to the continuum which is similar to but different in degree as the object of contact. In the research method, the special grammatical phenomena in Mongolian Chinese are taken as the reference to examine the expression of the same grammatical category or expression in three languages respectively. The purpose is to clarify the relationship between northwest contact dialect, Mongolian Chinese and "Han'er language" and examine the grammatical parameters. Chapter One examines the special usage of the plural suffix "Men". It holds that the northwest contact dialect and Mongolian Chinese belong to the same type; the "Han'er dialect" is closer to "pure Chinese". The acceptance rank sequence of the plural suffix "Men" Chapter 2 examines the case categories of three languages from the perspective of semantic case. Mongolian Chinese has more post-positional nouns as case markers. Northwest contact dialects also have more complete case systems and abundant post-positional markers. Prepositions are case markers. The order of semantic cases that are easily affected in language contact is: patient case / instrumental case / place case and event case / colleague case / basis case. Chapter 3 investigates the order types of three languages. From the perspective of maintaining VO-type features in Chinese, the two types of word order parameters of "clause basic component order" and "preposition-postposition" are the most stable. The special usage of auxiliary words and verbs such as "ha", "you" and the mixed structure of Mongolian and Chinese are basically the same in distribution and function as the corresponding auxiliary words and verbs in the Northwest Contact Dialect except for their different usage. However, the Han dialect does not have this characteristic. The special grammatical phenomena in the Northwest Contact Dialects are caused by the interference caused by language transfer, similar to the formation of Mongolian Chinese and influenced by the bottom of the Altaic language family.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：H172.2;H146

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