【摘要】：語(yǔ)音具有四個(gè)基本特性:音色,音強(qiáng),音高和音長(zhǎng)。在實(shí)驗(yàn)語(yǔ)音學(xué)中,借助電子計(jì)算機(jī)、聲學(xué)儀器和軟件獲取波形圖和頻譜圖,可以很清晰地觀察到這四個(gè)基本特性。其中,波形反映音色,振幅反映音強(qiáng),頻率反映音高,時(shí)間反映音長(zhǎng)。鑒于以往對(duì)客家話的研究多集中于元音共振峰頻率和元音空間格局,本文從元音時(shí)長(zhǎng)入手研究漳州地區(qū)梅林客家話,通過Praat語(yǔ)音分析軟件觀察波形、振幅和共振峰頻率,標(biāo)注元音以獲取時(shí)長(zhǎng),然后提取和分析數(shù)據(jù)。本研究討論了如下三個(gè)研究問題:(1)南靖梅林客家話CV音節(jié)中的元音時(shí)間組織結(jié)構(gòu)是什么?(2)南靖梅林客家話CVN音節(jié)中的元音時(shí)間組織結(jié)構(gòu)是什么?(3)南靖梅林客家話CV音節(jié)和CVN音節(jié)中的元音時(shí)間組織結(jié)構(gòu)有哪些差異?本研究共有12名發(fā)音人(6名男性和6名女性),發(fā)音材料為296個(gè)單字,通過錄音和標(biāo)注,最后獲得7160個(gè)樣本。經(jīng)過統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,本研究得出如下結(jié)論:(1)CV音節(jié)。在單元音中,男性發(fā)音人的高元音和低元音的時(shí)長(zhǎng)沒有顯著差異。女性發(fā)音人高元音[u]的時(shí)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)于低元音[a]。因此,元音時(shí)長(zhǎng)和元音舌位高度之間存在某種關(guān)系。在雙元音中,13個(gè)雙元音可歸納為三類。第一類包括[ai,au,eu,?u,iu],在這一類中,第一成分的時(shí)長(zhǎng)相對(duì)較長(zhǎng),第二成分的時(shí)長(zhǎng)相對(duì)較短。第二類包括[oi,i?,i?,ia,ua,ui],在這一類中,第一成分的時(shí)長(zhǎng)相對(duì)較短,第二成分的時(shí)長(zhǎng)相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)。第三類包括[ie]和[u?],第一和第二成分的時(shí)長(zhǎng)相近。(2)CVN音節(jié)。在單元音中,男性發(fā)音人[a]和[i]的時(shí)長(zhǎng)沒有顯著區(qū)別,[a]和[u]的時(shí)長(zhǎng)有顯著區(qū)別。女性發(fā)音人低元音[a]的時(shí)長(zhǎng)比高元音[i]和[u]的長(zhǎng),與萊氏元音內(nèi)在時(shí)長(zhǎng)理論相吻合。在雙元音中,5個(gè)雙元音可歸為兩類,第一類包括[i?],其三個(gè)成分的時(shí)長(zhǎng)相近。其他四個(gè)雙元音為第二類,它們的第二成分時(shí)長(zhǎng)最長(zhǎng),其次是過渡段時(shí)長(zhǎng),第一成分的時(shí)長(zhǎng)最短。(3)本文通過統(tǒng)計(jì)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)鼻音韻尾對(duì)單元音和雙元音的時(shí)長(zhǎng)均有明顯的影響。CVN的元音時(shí)長(zhǎng)均小于CV的元音時(shí)長(zhǎng)。另外,跟CV音節(jié)相比,CVN中的各個(gè)成分的時(shí)長(zhǎng)比例獲得了重新分配。這些體現(xiàn)了漢語(yǔ)以音節(jié)為單位進(jìn)行時(shí)長(zhǎng)的內(nèi)部補(bǔ)償?shù)奶攸c(diǎn)。同時(shí),在標(biāo)注過程中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)在CV音節(jié)中,青年女性和老年女性[ua]和[ui]第一成分的時(shí)長(zhǎng)有明顯差異。
[Abstract]:In experimental phonetics, waveforms and spectrograms can be obtained by means of computer, acoustic instruments and software, and these four basic characteristics can be clearly observed. Among them, waveforms reflect the timbre, amplitude reflects the intensity, frequency reflects the pitch, and time reflects the length. The study of Hakka dialect mainly focuses on vowel formant frequency and vowel spatial pattern. This paper starts with vowel duration to study Meilin Hakka dialect in Zhangzhou area. The waveforms, amplitudes and formant frequencies are observed by Praat software, and the vowels are labeled to obtain the duration. Questions: (1) What is the vowel time structure of CV syllables in Meilin Hakka dialect of Nanjing? (2) What is the vowel time structure of CVN syllables in Meilin Hakka dialect of Nanjing? (3) What are the differences between the vowel time structure of CV syllables and CVN syllables in Meilin Hakka dialect of Nanjing? After statistical analysis, this study draws the following conclusions: (1) CV syllables. There is no significant difference in the length of high vowels and low vowels in male vowels. The length of high vowels [u] in female vowels is longer than that of low vowels [a]. There is a relationship between tongue heights. Among the diphthongs, 13 diphthongs can be grouped into three categories. The first category includes [ai, au, eu, u, I u]. In this category, the duration of the first component is relatively long, while the duration of the second component is relatively short. The second category includes [oi, i, i?, ia, ua, u i], in which the duration of the first component is relatively short and the second component is relatively short. The third category includes [ie] and [u?], and the first and second components have similar lengths. (2) CVN syllables. Five diphthongs can be classified into two categories, the first category includes [i?], and the duration of the three components is similar. The other four diphthongs are the second category, the second component is the longest, the second component is the transitional period, and the first component is the shortest. (3) Statistical analysis shows that the nasal ending pairs the vowels and the diphthongs. The vowel lengths of CVN are all less than those of CV. In addition, compared with CV syllables, the proportion of vowel lengths of each component in CVN is reallocated. These reflect the characteristics of internal compensation for the length of Chinese syllables. There was a significant difference in the time between the first component of [ua] and [ui] in the elderly women.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：江蘇科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：H176

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