萊辛美學(xué)思想與現(xiàn)實主義文藝
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-18 22:14
【摘要】： 啟蒙運動時期文學(xué)和美學(xué)是一個重要的西方文藝學(xué)研究課題，萊辛作為德國啟運動的杰出代表，尤其值得引起我們的關(guān)注。萊辛不是一個學(xué)院派的批評家，而是一個許下諾言并為實現(xiàn)諾言而勤奮寫作的作家理論家，他的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作活動和理論實踐，都是緊密結(jié)合德國現(xiàn)實要求、為喚起民族自我拯救意識、實現(xiàn)國家統(tǒng)一而展開的。與歐洲其他啟蒙運動思想家相比，萊辛更加深刻地領(lǐng)悟了自柏拉圖、亞里士多德以來西方文學(xué)創(chuàng)作和美學(xué)理論的精髓，將文學(xué)的社會責(zé)任和歷史使命解說出來，是其成為利器，去掃除古典主義和貴族僧侶主義的頹廢氣息。萊辛之所以取得不凡的成就，是因為他堅持了現(xiàn)實主義的創(chuàng)作原則和精神，并把現(xiàn)實主義作為詩化哲學(xué)融入到他畢生的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作和批評實踐之中，確立了一種美學(xué)范式——人本學(xué)的審美追求。 詩畫關(guān)系是一個古老的問題。古希臘理論家早有闡述，但他們主要是從詩畫相融相通的角度來論說的，中國古代文學(xué)家對此也有類似看法。到新古典主義時期，這種觀點越來越使文藝成為宣揚封建帝王和貴族僧侶功德、粉飾現(xiàn)實，脫離大眾的理論依據(jù)，不利于正在興起的市民階級文藝的發(fā)展。如何使文藝反映生活、適應(yīng)現(xiàn)實需要，就成為啟蒙思想家最為關(guān)注的問題之一，首先就必須突破詩畫同一的傳統(tǒng)觀念，尋求詩畫之分別，創(chuàng)建詩畫分類學(xué)理論。萊辛從對象、媒介、方式和效果四個方面對此進(jìn)行了區(qū)分：就對象而言，畫適合于描繪空間中并列的物體，表現(xiàn)靜態(tài)事物，，詩宜于表現(xiàn)時間中先后承續(xù)的動作；就媒介看，繪畫使用線條、色彩之類“自然的符號”，詩運用語言之類“人為的符號”；就方式來說，畫以形象訴諸人的視覺，較少借助于想象，詩以語言稱述動作，須通過記憶與想象才能建構(gòu)形象；畫的效果是美，詩的效果是真實。萊辛并沒有把詩畫絕對對立起來，而是較辨證的解答了詩畫轉(zhuǎn)化的途徑。實際上，《拉奧孔》在詩畫分界問題上建構(gòu)了市民行為主義策略。 古典主義悲劇是帝王將相聊以自慰的圣品，是封建貴族和僧侶主義意識形態(tài)的形象使者，它已不適應(yīng)市民社會文藝發(fā)展的需要，只有把帝王將相從悲劇的神龕拿下，代之以市民大眾作為悲劇的鮮活角色，才能建立起新的悲劇圓形。萊辛從市民悲劇的時代要求、亞里士多德的悲劇凈化說詮釋、悲劇性格和悲劇教育四個方面闡發(fā)了他的悲劇理念。在《漢堡劇評》里，萊辛還提出了藝術(shù)摹仿論，藝術(shù)虛構(gòu)論，性格與環(huán)境依存論、藝術(shù)真實與歷史真實關(guān)系論等具有啟發(fā)性的美學(xué)命題。這些觀點構(gòu)成了萊辛現(xiàn)實主義戲劇美學(xué)思想主要的問題框架。 《拉奧孔》和《漢堡劇評》體現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)實主義的人道主義精神，都設(shè)定了藝術(shù)類型的審美原則以及破立結(jié)合的論理方法。 萊辛美學(xué)思想對現(xiàn)實主義的影響是深遠(yuǎn)的。西方自后啟蒙運動，古典主義到近現(xiàn)代文藝都延續(xù)著一條現(xiàn)實主義之路，特別是19世紀(jì)下半葉的現(xiàn)實主義高峰，有力的印證了現(xiàn)實主義的巨大生命力。20世紀(jì)的現(xiàn)代主義、后現(xiàn)代主義即使想開辟新路，也是從對現(xiàn)實主義的反駁開始的，它們無法繞過現(xiàn)實主義的“魔圈”。中國現(xiàn)代性文藝實踐，也沒有忽略對萊辛的研究，正是啟蒙的巨大感召力，才使得萊辛的魅力永存。
[Abstract]:The literature and aesthetics during the enlightenment period is an important subject of western literature and art, and Lessing, as an outstanding representative of the German opening movement, is of particular interest to our attention. Lessing is not a school critic, but a writer's theorist who makes a promise and works hard to achieve his promise. His literary creation activities and theoretical practice are closely combined with the German realistic demand, which is to arouse the national self-rescue consciousness and realize the national unity. Compared with the other European Enlightenment thinkers, Lessing has a more profound understanding of the essence of the western literary creation and the aesthetic theory since Plato and Aristotle, and explains the social responsibility and historical mission of literature as a sharp weapon. To sweep the decadent of the classicism and the nobleman. Lessing's remarkable achievement is because he insists on the principle and spirit of realism, and integrates the realism as the poetic philosophy into his life's literary creation and criticism practice, and establishes an aesthetic paradigm of the aesthetic paradigm. poetry and painting It is an old problem. The ancient Greek theoreticians have set forth early, but they are mainly from the perspective of the poetry and painting, and the ancient Chinese literature In that time of the neoclassical period, this point of view has made the literature and art a theoretical basis for the promotion of the feudal emperor and the nobleman, and it is not conducive to the rise. The development of the literature and art of the public. How to make the literature and art reflect the life and to meet the needs of the reality is one of the most important problems of the enlightenment thinkers. In that aspect of the object, the medium, the way and the effect, it is distinguished from four aspects: object, medium, way and effect: as far as the object is concerned, the painting is suitable to depict the side-by-side objects in the space, to express the static matter, and the poem is suitable for the continuous action in the performance time; and as to the media, the painting uses the line, the color, and so on. The "man-made symbol" of ", the use of a poem, or the like; in this way, the picture takes the image to the person's vision, less by the imagination, the poem is called the action by the language, it is necessary to construct the image through the memory and imagination; the effect of the picture is that It is true that the effect of the poem is true. A. The way of the transformation of the poetry and painting. The policy of the citizen's behaviorism. The classical tragedy is that the king will talk about the masturbation, and it is the image messenger of the feudal nobleman and the monastic ideology. It has not adapted to the need of the development of the public's social literature and art. Only the king of the emperor will come from the shrine of the tragedy. Take it and replace it with the public. The living character of tragedy can only establish a new tragic circle. The tragedy of Aristotle's tragedy is to be interpreted and tragic from the time of the people's tragedy. In the four aspects of Ge and Tragedy Education, his tragic idea is illustrated. In the
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2002
【分類號】：I01
本文編號：2501831
[Abstract]:The literature and aesthetics during the enlightenment period is an important subject of western literature and art, and Lessing, as an outstanding representative of the German opening movement, is of particular interest to our attention. Lessing is not a school critic, but a writer's theorist who makes a promise and works hard to achieve his promise. His literary creation activities and theoretical practice are closely combined with the German realistic demand, which is to arouse the national self-rescue consciousness and realize the national unity. Compared with the other European Enlightenment thinkers, Lessing has a more profound understanding of the essence of the western literary creation and the aesthetic theory since Plato and Aristotle, and explains the social responsibility and historical mission of literature as a sharp weapon. To sweep the decadent of the classicism and the nobleman. Lessing's remarkable achievement is because he insists on the principle and spirit of realism, and integrates the realism as the poetic philosophy into his life's literary creation and criticism practice, and establishes an aesthetic paradigm of the aesthetic paradigm. poetry and painting It is an old problem. The ancient Greek theoreticians have set forth early, but they are mainly from the perspective of the poetry and painting, and the ancient Chinese literature In that time of the neoclassical period, this point of view has made the literature and art a theoretical basis for the promotion of the feudal emperor and the nobleman, and it is not conducive to the rise. The development of the literature and art of the public. How to make the literature and art reflect the life and to meet the needs of the reality is one of the most important problems of the enlightenment thinkers. In that aspect of the object, the medium, the way and the effect, it is distinguished from four aspects: object, medium, way and effect: as far as the object is concerned, the painting is suitable to depict the side-by-side objects in the space, to express the static matter, and the poem is suitable for the continuous action in the performance time; and as to the media, the painting uses the line, the color, and so on. The "man-made symbol" of ", the use of a poem, or the like; in this way, the picture takes the image to the person's vision, less by the imagination, the poem is called the action by the language, it is necessary to construct the image through the memory and imagination; the effect of the picture is that It is true that the effect of the poem is true. A. The way of the transformation of the poetry and painting. The policy of the citizen's behaviorism. The classical tragedy is that the king will talk about the masturbation, and it is the image messenger of the feudal nobleman and the monastic ideology. It has not adapted to the need of the development of the public's social literature and art. Only the king of the emperor will come from the shrine of the tragedy. Take it and replace it with the public. The living character of tragedy can only establish a new tragic circle. The tragedy of Aristotle's tragedy is to be interpreted and tragic from the time of the people's tragedy. In the four aspects of Ge and Tragedy Education, his tragic idea is illustrated. In the
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2002
【分類號】：I01
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條
1 張黎;萊辛《漢堡劇評》成書的背景及其方法問題[J];外國文學(xué)研究;1981年04期
本文編號：2501831
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