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“暢神”說與中國傳統(tǒng)美學精神

發(fā)布時間:2018-06-30 06:27

  本文選題:中國 + 美學; 參考:《鄭州大學》2003年碩士論文


【摘要】:美學意義上的“暢神”說,是產生于道家哲學之上的一種自然審美觀。它是以人的精神自由為出發(fā)點,在擺脫功利欲求雜念的狀態(tài)下,以超然的心境去觀照自然物的審美原則。在審美觀照中,主體與自然內在交融,在自然與藝術中怡悅情性,展暢精神,由此而獲得精神的審美享受。 我國在對于自然的審美認識上,除了在原始社會時期人們對于自然美的強調“致用”以外,在先秦時期流行的是“比德”自然審美觀,魏晉南北朝時期又出現(xiàn)了“暢神”自然審美觀。由“致用”、“比德”到“暢神”自然審美觀的發(fā)展,標志著我國古代的自然審美活動在當時發(fā)生了歷史性的變化。自然審美意識的進一步自覺和成熟,不但積極地推動了當時文藝創(chuàng)作的發(fā)展,豐富了六朝美學思想,而且對后世的中國美學產生了積極而深刻的影響。 一、中國古代自然審美理論的發(fā)展 中國古代自然審美觀經(jīng)歷了一個由自在狀態(tài)到自覺狀態(tài)的理論發(fā)展過程,即經(jīng)歷了實用——宗教崇拜——比德——暢神這一歷程,這一歷程也是自然山水不斷審美化的過程。 (一)“致用”:以實用、宗教崇拜的觀點對待自然山水 在原始人那時,美的觀念是比較模糊的,先民們以事物是否對人有明顯的實用價值作為美的標準。最初成為人們審美對象的自然物,都是與原始生產實踐和生活方式密切相關的自然物。狩獵時代的人們以獸皮、獸骨、羽毛等動物“零件”來裝飾自己,,卻滿眼不見盛開的鮮花。 以自然宗教的態(tài)度來對待自然山水,從某種意義上說也是一種自然山水尚用觀的變種,只不過因山水對人們生活的作用太大而被神秘化了。 (二)“比德”:以道德的善來比附自然山水 “比德”說是春秋戰(zhàn)國時期出現(xiàn)的一種自然美觀點。所謂“比德”,即審美主體在對自然山水的審美把握中,把自然物的某些特征與人們倫理道德的某種品質相比擬,通過自然人格化,來尋求人與自然山水間內在精神的契合。“比德”審美觀從自然山水的形態(tài)和特征中,聯(lián)想到君子的某種人格美,特別注意到自然審美中的人倫精神,這與儒家美學中強烈的倫理色彩是分不開的。 文學藝術中的“比德”最早見于《詩經(jīng)》和楚辭,它與了周易》的“取象”、《詩經(jīng)》及楚 辭的“比興”有著較為密切的聯(lián)系。在中國美學史上,最早從理論上對“比德”進行闡述的是管 仲。晏嬰、老子、莊子也有“比德”的言論,不過“比德”自然審美觀在儒家言論和著作中少 體現(xiàn)的更為充分,更為多樣,更具理論色彩。其中最具代表性首推孔子。 孔子說“夫玉者,君子比德焉,,。又說“知者樂水,仁者樂山”。 在中國美學發(fā)展史上,“比德”審美觀的出現(xiàn),標志著人與自然審美關系的初步建立,形 成了中國古代自然審美中一種獨特的精神傾向,即注重自然山水審美的人倫精神和人文精神。 (三)“暢神,,:自然山水審美意識的自覺和拓展 中國文化對自然山水的認識發(fā)展到魏晉,出現(xiàn)了堪稱人類自然山水美學史上的一場革命, 人們開始把自然山水當作一個純粹的美的客體,并在這一美的自然景物中逍遙散懷,陶冶性 情。如果說,“比德”審美觀主要在象征意義上來贊美自然山水,而“暢神”審美觀則把審美的 目光投向整個大自然,更強調人與自然物之間的情感聯(lián)系。這無疑擴大了自然的審美范圍, 是真正美學意義上的自然審美理論。 “暢神”一詞,最早見于南朝宋時期著名的繪畫理論家宗炳的《畫山水序》,他認為‘·山水 質有而趣靈”,正是“暢神”的對象二“峰帕蕪疑,云林森吵,圣賢映于絕代,萬趣融其神思。 余復何為哉?暢神而已。”他在這里描繪的是,人在自然的山水中忘情的游樂,獲得了生命的 激情和超然的心境,完全是一種自由與舒展。所以說“暢神”是一種完全意義上的審美,它所 孕育的是一種審美情調,培育出的是人的審美人格。 二、“暢神”說的美學意蘊 “暢神”審美觀的核心是精神愉悅,它更側重審美主體的審美心境,通過人與自然建立的 精神關系,來達到對自然山水審美的超然境地,登上審美的最高層次,進入自然山水的自由 王國。從宗炳的審美體驗和他提出的“暢神”的概念來看,‘·暢神”蘊含著豐富的審美意蘊。 一)“高情遠志,,,“俯仰宇宙,,。 自然審美是人類的最早的審美形態(tài),也是人類審美意識的搖籃。人類審美趣味和能力, 正是從自然審美活動中逐步產生和發(fā)展起來的。因此,審美者應具有高尚的品格和志趣,深 厚的藝術修養(yǎng),豐富的審美經(jīng)驗,廣博的自然科學和社會科學知識,性好自然山水。 (二)“澄懷味象,,,“應會感神”。 審美者深入自然山水,“棲丘飲谷”,通過“身所盤桓, 應物”、“澄懷味象”,“應目會心,應會感神”的內心活動 上求得同化和融會,物我相親而相忘,陶冶于自然之中 目所綢繆”的審美活動,經(jīng)過“含道 自然往復,使主客之間在生命本源 神思浩蕩,產生豐富的審美想象。 (三)“物我同化”,“神超理得,,。 山水審美的“物我同化”、“神超理得”,是指審美主體認識和把握客體
[Abstract]:The aesthetic meaning of " Chang Shen " is a kind of natural aesthetics which is based on Taoist philosophy . It is the starting point of human spirit freedom . In the state of getting rid of the desire of utility , the aesthetic principle of natural objects is taken out with transcendental mood . In the aesthetic light , the main body and the natural intrinsic blending , in the nature and the art delight in the emotion , the open mind , thus obtaining the aesthetic enjoyment of the spirit .








In addition to the emphasis on natural beauty in primitive society during the period of pre - Qin period , the natural aesthetic appearance of " Changshen " , which is popular in the period of pre - Qin period , marked the historic change of natural aesthetic activities in ancient China .








First , the Development of Ancient Chinese Natural Aesthetic Theory








The natural aesthetic experience in ancient China has experienced a theoretical development process from the state to the conscious state , that is , through the process of practical _ religious worship _ comparison _ smooth God , which is also the process of the continuous aestheticization of natural mountain water .








( 1 ) " To be used " : Treat natural mountain water with the view of practical and religious worship








At the time of primitive man , the idea of beauty is comparatively vague , and the people have obvious practical value as the standard of beauty . They are the natural things which are closely related to the original production practice and the way of life . People in the hunting age decorate themselves with animal skins , animal bones , feathers and other animals , but they are full of fresh flowers .








Natural mountain water is treated with the attitude of natural religion , in a sense , it is also a kind of variation of natural landscape , but because of mountains and water , people ' s life is too large to be mystified .








( II ) " Byrd " : By virtue of virtue , natural mountain water is to be attached








" Byrd " is a kind of natural beauty in the period of Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period . The so - called " Byrd " , that is , the aesthetic subject in the aesthetic grasp of natural mountain water , compares certain characteristics of natural things with certain qualities of people ' s ethics . Through natural personification , we seek the inner spirit of man and nature .

















The " Byrd " in the literature and art is first found in the poem of poetry and the Chu Ci , which is in harmony with Zhou Yi ' s " taking the elephant " , and the poem of poetry is poetry and Chu .








In the history of Chinese aesthetics , the first in the history of Chinese aesthetics , the first from the theory to " analogy " is the pipe








Yan Ying , Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi also have " Beard " speech , but " Bader " natural aesthetics is less in Confucianism ' s speech and work








More fully , more varied and more theoretical . Among them , the most representative first Confucius .








Confucius said , " Fu - yu , the gentleman is more than de - minded , " . And he said , " Well - known people , music and water , " he said .








In the history of Chinese aesthetics development , the appearance of " bides " aesthetic appearance marks the preliminary establishment of the aesthetic relation between man and nature ,








It is a unique spiritual tendency in ancient Chinese natural aesthetics , that is , the human spirit and the humanistic spirit that pay attention to the aesthetic of nature mountains and water .








( 3 ) " Chang Shen , " : Consciousness and Development of Aesthetic Consciousness of Natural Landscape Water In the Wei and Jin dynasties , the Chinese culture has developed a revolution in the history of human nature mountains and water . People began to treat natural mountain water as a pure object of beauty , and in the natural scene of beauty , it was free to go away , and edify . On the other hand , the aesthetic appearance of " Byrd " is mainly symbolic in praise of nature mountains and water , while the aesthetic appearance of " Chang Shen " is aesthetic .








Looking at nature and emphasizing the emotional connection between man and nature , this undoubtedly expands the aesthetic scope of nature ,








It is the natural aesthetic theory in the sense of true aesthetics .
【學位授予單位】:鄭州大學
【學位級別】:碩士
【學位授予年份】:2003
【分類號】:I01

【引證文獻】

相關博士學位論文 前1條

1 邵金峰;中國畫論中的生態(tài)審美智慧研究[D];山東大學;2011年

相關碩士學位論文 前5條

1 頡芳芳;景觀空間導向性設計方法研究[D];河北農業(yè)大學;2011年

2 蔡軍;繼承與創(chuàng)新的文化原則在園林規(guī)劃設計中的應用[D];四川農業(yè)大學;2006年

3 張福永;從人天關系探荀子生態(tài)智慧[D];山東師范大學;2009年

4 許麗;中西園林藝術比較[D];山東師范大學;2009年

5 楊陽;中國古典詩詞中“游”的審美闡釋[D];濟南大學;2010年



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