論訓(xùn)讀法與漢詩的文學(xué)翻譯
本文選題:論訓(xùn) + 讀法; 參考:《華東師范大學(xué)》2004年碩士論文
【摘要】:關(guān)于詩歌“可譯”與“不可譯”的爭議由來已久。盡管理論上這一問題至今尚無定論,但實(shí)踐上卻始終不乏向“不可譯”論的挑戰(zhàn)者;這種理論與實(shí)踐的互動和反動已經(jīng)成為譯壇的熱點(diǎn)之一。與之相比,漢詩日譯領(lǐng)域卻顯得過于風(fēng)平浪靜。一千多年來,漢詩的日譯幾乎完全被訓(xùn)讀法壟斷,已成為一種定型化的、很難體現(xiàn)譯者存在及其風(fēng)格特征的“翻砂工藝”。由此,筆者對訓(xùn)讀法進(jìn)行了初步的考證與研究。 訓(xùn)讀法產(chǎn)生于公元六、七世紀(jì),隨著佛經(jīng)的傳入而由僧侶率先使用。它的產(chǎn)生除了此前的“音讀法再也不能滿足閱讀漢文(漢詩)的全部需要”這一內(nèi)因作用之外,還有朝鮮的“直讀法”和“吏讀法”等外來因素的影響。此后,大量的漢詩、漢文得以在日本廣為流傳,日本人在學(xué)習(xí)漢詩精髓的同時也嘗試著創(chuàng)作了許多漢詩作品。然而,當(dāng)我們從譯詩的角度重新審視訓(xùn)讀法的時候,還是不難發(fā)現(xiàn)它有許多不盡如人意的地方,離譯學(xué)所上討論的譯詩還有很大的距離。訓(xùn)讀法對許多漢詩的轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)都存有偏失之處;誤譯和誤讀被定型化,以至于造成了絕大多數(shù)日本人的“集體無意識”。 作為一種譯法,與英譯本相對照,訓(xùn)讀文本顯得千篇一律、少有新意,幾乎不存在不同版本或譯者之間的差別。機(jī)械照搬的同形漢字往往由于中日文意義范疇的微妙差別而失去了傳神之妙,有時甚至?xí)言捳f反說錯。在押韻方面訓(xùn)讀法也難有作為,使用只講節(jié)奏不識韻律的日語對漢詩進(jìn)行訓(xùn)讀式翻譯時,押韻的可能性就幾乎不復(fù)存在,甚至可以說訓(xùn)讀者就沒有押韻的意識。訓(xùn)讀法“一刀切”地制定了許多“配對”的規(guī)定,對于漢詩中涉及的包括典故、歷史背景在內(nèi)的語境既不作相應(yīng)的表述,也不根據(jù)詞語的感情色彩選擇適當(dāng)?shù)淖g詞。結(jié)果,既剝奪譯者選詞造句的審美追求,又容易導(dǎo)致譯文自相矛盾或與史實(shí)相悖。在“只可意會不可言傳”的句法層面上,時常暴露出對隱性關(guān)系的理解不足,如對于不出現(xiàn)關(guān)聯(lián)詞的上下句之間的邏輯關(guān)系往往無法正確轉(zhuǎn)述,,對間接引語的范圍、因果分句的劃分等更是經(jīng)常把握不住。 訓(xùn)讀法在古音和多音詞語的傳達(dá)上也時常束手無策,因?yàn)樗o每個漢字加注的訓(xùn)通常都只有一個而已。這就造成漢詩中漢字讀音的多樣化和可變性這一事實(shí)在某種程度上被忽視、被遺忘。同樣,訓(xùn)的單一性特點(diǎn)也給詞性活用的詩歌的翻譯帶來負(fù)面影響,比如,原作名詞的詞語被詩人活用為動詞時,訓(xùn)讀法常常還是按照原先的詞性進(jìn)行訓(xùn)讀,結(jié)果跟原詩產(chǎn)生偏離。此外,訓(xùn)讀法對通假字往往不做辨析,直接加訓(xùn),使得“通假字”在日文里變成貨真價實(shí)的日語漢字,改變了原詩的意義。對于特定的數(shù)詞和較難理解的虛詞,訓(xùn)讀法也習(xí)慣于照字讀音,時有把基數(shù)詞讀成序數(shù)詞,把虛詞讀成實(shí)詞的情況。 從漢詩的譯介角度看,訓(xùn)讀法并非如人們想象的那般完美,它的缺憾之處很少有人注意,即便在今天,帶有硬傷的訓(xùn)讀漢詩仍頻頻出現(xiàn)在日本初高中語文教科書上,成為年輕人學(xué)習(xí)并傳誦的重要來源。這無疑造成了很大的負(fù)面影響,需要引起人們的警戒和重視。研究日本人創(chuàng)作的漢詩,同樣也能看到訓(xùn)讀法帶給詩人們的不良影響,所作漢詩總帶有一點(diǎn)訓(xùn)讀的痕跡,在押韻、平仄、音步、虛詞的使用等方面存在著或大或小的問題。 綜上所述,本文從譯詩的角度討論了訓(xùn)讀法中的不合理之處,意在盼望日本譯壇能夠真正打破訓(xùn)讀法一統(tǒng)漢詩翻譯的局面,早日使?jié)h詩的日譯呈現(xiàn)出百家爭鳴、百花盛開的新景象。
[Abstract]:The controversy over the "translatable" and "untranslatability" of poetry has a long history. Although this question is still unsettled in theory, it has always been a challenger to the "untranslatable" theory in practice, and the interaction and reactionary theory and practice have become one of the hotspots in the translation field. For more than one thousand years, the Japanese translation of Chinese poetry has almost been monopolized by the training method, and it has become a stereotyped one. It is difficult to embody the "process of sand turning" of the translator's existence and its style. The author has made a preliminary examination and study of the training and reading method.
The method of training reading was produced in six and seventh Century, with the introduction of the Buddhist scriptures, which was first used by the monks. It was produced in addition to the effect of the previous "sound reading method that can not satisfy all the needs of reading Chinese (Han Shi)", as well as the influence of foreign factors such as "direct reading" and "official reading" of the North Korea. After that, a large number of Han Shi In Japan, the Japanese have been widely spread in Japan. While the Japanese are learning the essence of Chinese poetry, they also try to create a lot of Chinese poetry. However, when we reexamine the method of reading from the angle of translation, it is still not difficult to find that there are many unsatisfactory places, and there is a great distance from the translated poetry. Many Chinese poetry conveys some misunderstandings; mistranslation and misreading are stereotyped, resulting in the overwhelming majority of Japanese "collective unconsciousness".
As a kind of translation, in contrast to the English version, the text of the lecture appears to be monotonous, less new, and almost no difference between the different versions or translators. The possibility of rhyming in Japanese, which is difficult to use, is almost impossible when it is translated from Japanese to Chinese poetry with a rhythmic non rhyme. The context neither makes the corresponding expression nor chooses the proper translation of words according to the emotional color of the words. As a result, it can not only deprive the translator's aesthetic pursuit of the sentence, but also easily lead to the contradiction between the translation and the history. The logical relationship between the upper and lower sentences of the associated words often fails to be correctly reported, and it is often unable to grasp the scope of indirect speech, the division of causal clauses and so on.
The training and reading method is often helpless in the transmission of the ancient and multitone words, because the training of each Chinese character is usually only one. This leads to the fact that the diversity and variability of the pronunciation of Chinese characters in Chinese poetry is ignored and forgotten. Translation has negative effects. For example, when the words of the original noun are used as verbs by the poets, the training reading method is often adacted according to the original word, and the result deviates from the original poem. In addition, the training reading method often does not differentiate and analyze the false words and directly adds the training to the Japanese characters in Japanese. The meaning of the original poem. For a particular number of numerals and the more difficult words to understand, the training method is also used to read the pronunciation, when the cardinal words are read into the ordinal words, and the function words are read into the facts.
From the point of view of the translation of Chinese poetry, the training reading method is not as perfect as people think, and its shortcomings are seldom noticed. Even today, the hard injured Chinese poetry still appears frequently in the Japanese primary and middle school Chinese textbooks, which has become an important source of learning and recite for young people. This has undoubtedly caused great negative effects. The study of Chinese poetry created by Japanese can also see the bad influence of the training and reading method on the poetry. There is always a trace of training in the Chinese poetry. There are many problems in rhyme, level, tone, and the use of function words.
To sum up, this article discusses the unreasonable points in the reading method from the perspective of the translation of poetry. It is intended to hope that the Japanese translation circle can truly break the situation of the translation of Chinese poetry through the practice of training and reading, and make the Japanese translation of the Chinese poetry present a new scene of a hundred schools of contention and a hundred flowers in full bloom.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2004
【分類號】:I046
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