【摘要】：開高健是戰(zhàn)后日本文學界最重要的作家之一。開高健1930年出生于大阪，童年時第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，他的青春期就是在戰(zhàn)爭中度過的。1957年，開高健在《新日本文學》發(fā)表了第一部小說——《恐慌》，光芒初現(xiàn)，受到了廣泛好評。同年，《巨人與玩具》《皇帝的新衣》等一一發(fā)表，，其中，開高健憑借《皇帝的新衣》榮獲芥川文學獎。此外，《璀璨的黑暗》榮獲每日出版文化獎，《玉碎》榮獲川端康成文學獎，《耳朵的故事》榮獲日本文學大獎。開高健的作品不僅給他帶來了眾多榮譽，還帶來了界內的認可。 本文主要通過分析開高健的初期作品——《流亡記》中體現(xiàn)出的種種徒勞，由此探討開高健的徒勞意識的形成原因�！读魍鲇洝分忻枥L的故事發(fā)生在中國秦朝。小說首先講述了一個無名小鎮(zhèn)的遭遇。自古以來，這個小鎮(zhèn)都接連不斷地遭到侵略，然而小鎮(zhèn)的居民卻對侵略者完全不抵抗，只是不斷地修補那道絲毫沒有防御作用的城墻。全國統(tǒng)一后，秦始皇掌握了政權，隨之而來的是一段短暫而和平的日子。突然有一天，小鎮(zhèn)來了一群看起來跟以前的侵略者毫無差別的人，他們用一根長繩將小鎮(zhèn)分成兩半，其中一半的壯丁被當成罪犯抓了起來。根據皇帝的命令，這些壯丁被憲兵追趕著，浩浩湯湯地奔赴首都，開始了修建長城這一艱難的工程，犧牲了自由甚至生命。然而，原本為防御匈奴而動員全國人民建造的長城，實際上與前面小鎮(zhèn)里面的城墻的性質是相同的，最后不過是一場巨大的徒勞罷了。 1959年《流亡記》在《別冊中央公論》上發(fā)表之后，收到了巨大的反響。對于《流亡記》，很多評論家從“徒勞”主題與問題等角度入手，但他們的研究主要在于探討開高健的“徒勞意識”的表現(xiàn)形式，及其對戰(zhàn)后日本社會的強烈不滿等。不能忽視的是，存在主義思想以及開高健自身的人生經歷也會對他的徒勞意識形成產生巨大的影響。這對于理解《流亡記》的內容與中心思想不可或缺，因此，拙論將通過文本分析，具體解讀文中徒勞的表現(xiàn)形式，并探究其中存在主義思想以及開高健個人經歷與其徒勞意識之間的聯(lián)系。 《流亡記》中，小鎮(zhèn)的居民軟弱無能，面對侵略，他們只能一次次地修補城墻，除此之外束手無策。自然他們的努力最終都化作徒勞，對于侵略也絲毫沒有抵御作用。此外，侵略小鎮(zhèn)的士兵們也對自己的侵略目的毫無概念，茫然地入侵小鎮(zhèn)，又茫然地被新的侵略者殺害，他們的侵略行為自然也成為徒勞。秦統(tǒng)一全國以后，大量壯丁被政府征作苦役，開始了艱苦的勞動。同時，憲兵與收稅吏們?yōu)榱藢崿F(xiàn)皇帝的意志，不得不面對龐雜到幾乎無法完成的工作，并且但凡有半點差錯就會馬上丟掉性命。由此可見，憲兵與收稅吏，在本質上同壯丁一樣，都是非常無力的存在。徒勞歸根結底還是由政權導致的。秦始皇為了維護政權，除了命令全國建造毫無實用價值的長城以外，還制定了許多浪費大量人力財力、引發(fā)民怨的政策，積怨爆發(fā)，最后一切都成為了徒勞。 對于開高健的徒勞意識的形成原因，筆者首先從存在主義思想對開高健的影響進行了探討。在法國的諸多實存主義哲學家、文學家之中，筆者認為，其中卡夫卡、加繆、薩特三者對開高健產生的影響最為巨大。其中，在開高健的初期文學作品中，我們能看到卡夫卡文學獨有的孤獨與荒謬思想，加繆的以存在主義思想為核心的人道主義精神，以及薩特的“存在先于本質”、“人類有自由選擇自己的行為的權利”、“人類社會本來就是荒謬的”等思想。這些思想對開高健的徒勞意識的形成產生了巨大的引導作用。其次，筆者從開高健個人的人生經歷出發(fā)進行了探討。開高健的文學創(chuàng)作初期正值躁郁癥的重癥期，因此，《流亡記》中體現(xiàn)出的“無力感”、“徒勞感”一方面是開高健在冷靜分析的基礎上，展現(xiàn)出對于日本社會經濟發(fā)展的憂慮，另一方面，從某種程度上講，這可能也是他“憂郁”的本性決定他對事物的看法都趨于悲觀的一種表現(xiàn)。此外，他經歷了充滿戰(zhàn)爭動亂的少年時代，經歷過戰(zhàn)敗，這些因素讓他不得不對戰(zhàn)后日本社會狂熱追求經濟發(fā)展這一現(xiàn)狀產生不滿。而這種不滿，從某種程度上講，也構成了開高健“徒勞文學”的基礎。 拙論主要探討了《流亡記》中體現(xiàn)出的開高健的徒勞意識的表現(xiàn)及形成原因。談到存在主義對開高健的影響時，具體以卡夫卡、加繆、薩特為中心進行了討論，但筆者深知存在主義對于開高健的徒勞意識的影響一定不僅限與此。此外，日本古典文學中，“無常”、“徒勞”的思想也比比皆是，例如《源氏物語》《方丈記》等。對于熱愛“亂讀”的開高健來說，日本古典文學作品中的這種思想對他徒勞意識的形成也應該產生了一定的影響。但由于篇幅與資料的限制，無法對這些問題進行逐一探究，筆者將其作為今后的課題進行進一步的探討。 [Abstract]:Gao Jian is one of the most important writers in the post-war Japanese literary world. Born in the Great Wall in 1930 and the Second World War in his childhood, his adolescence was spent in the war. In 1957, Kaifeng was widely praised by the New Japanese Literature, the first novel, "Panic." In the same year, the "giants and toys" and" the new clothes of the emperor "were published one by one, among which, Gao Jian, with the won the Sichuan-end Conforming Literature Award, and the" Story of the Ear "has been awarded the Japanese Literature Award. Gao Jian's work not only brought him a great number of honors, but also brought within the bounds of recognition. This paper mainly analyses the futility embodied in the early works of Gao Jian, and discusses the formation of the futility consciousness of Gao Jian. The story depicted in the "Eexile" is in the Qin Dynasty of China In the first part of the novel, the story of an unknown town An affair. Since ancient times, the small town has been constantly invaded, but the residents of the small town are totally out of resistance to the aggressors, and only constantly mend the city that has no defense. The wall. After the unification of the country, the Qin Shihuang was in possession of the regime, followed by a brief and peaceful day. One day, a small town came to a group of people that appeared to have no difference with the former invaders, and they used a long rope to divide the town into two, half of which were treated as a criminal. Here, according to the emperor's order, these strong men were followed by the gendarmes, and in the capital of the great soup, the hard work of building the Great Wall was started, and the freedom and even life were sacrificed. However, the Great Wall, which was originally built for the defense of the Huns and mobilized the people of the whole country, was in fact the same as the nature of the walls in the town, but it was a great futility. In 1959, after the publication of the Central Public Opinion on the Book of Exiles, a great deal was received. The response to the "exile", many of the critics, from the perspective of "futility" subject and problem, but their research is mainly to explore the expression of the "futility of the high and healthy" and its strong influence on the post-war Japanese society. Dissatisfaction and so on. It can't be ignored that the existence of the Existentialism and the life experience of Gao Jian will also have a great effect on his futility. It is essential for the understanding of the content and the central thought of the exoduses. Therefore, the theory of realism will be analyzed by the text, and the expression of the futility in the text will be explained in detail, and the existence of the concept of the Existentialism as well as the personal experience of Gao Jian and its futility are explored. In exile, the inhabitants of the small town are weak and are faced with aggression, and they can only repair the walls again and again, in addition to this There's nothing to do with it. Naturally, their efforts are in vain, and there's no way of aggression. In addition, the soldiers of the small town of aggression have no concept of their own aggression, and the invasion of small towns and the killing of new aggressors, their acts of aggression nature It was in vain. After the unification of the country, a great deal of Zhuang was taken by the government and started. Hard work. At the same time, the Gendarmerie and the tax collectors, in order to achieve the will of the emperor, have to face a complex and almost impossible job, but any one with a half-point error will be a horse. It can be seen that the gendarmes and the tax collectors are, in essence, the same as the Zhuang, and are very The existence of weakness. In vain or in vain As a result of the regime, the Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, in order to safeguard the regime, has made a lot of waste of human and financial resources in addition to the command of the building of the great wall that is of no practical value in the whole country, In vain. For the reason of the formation of the futility of Kao Kang Jian, the author first from the existentialist thought to Gao Jian. The influence has been discussed in this paper. In France, the author holds that Kafka, Camus and Sartre are one of the three main elements. The most significant influence is, among them, in the early literary works of Gao Jian, we can see the unique loneliness and the absurd thought of Kafka's literature, the humanist spirit of Camus's core of the existentialism, and the "The existence precedes the essence", "Human beings have the right to choose their own behavior", and the "The human society is preposterous." "futility", on the one hand, is on the basis of the calm analysis, showing the anxiety of the economic development of the Japanese society, and on the other hand, To some extent, this may also be his "depression" 's nature, and his views on things tend to In addition, he has experienced a war-troubled youth, and has been defeated, and these factors let him have to pursue the economic development of the post-war Japanese society The current situation is discontented, and this dissatisfaction, to a certain extent, also constitutes a "fuzziterature" ", this paper mainly discusses the futility of Gao Jian, which is embodied in the "exodexiles". In the light of the influence of Existentialism, it is discussed by Kafka, Camus and Sartre, but the author is well aware of the futility of the Existentialism. The influence must not only be limited to this. In addition, in the Japanese classical literature, the "impermanence" and the "in vain" 's thoughts are all, for example, 【學位授予單位】：吉林大學 【學位級別】：碩士 【學位授予年份】：2014 【分類號】：I313.074
