【摘要】：默多克是二戰(zhàn)后英國(guó)杰出的小說家兼哲學(xué)家，其小說具有深厚的哲學(xué)底蘊(yùn)和內(nèi)涵。她通過小說傳達(dá)自己的哲學(xué)和倫理觀念，即善和無我。其主要代表作有獲1978年布克獎(jiǎng)的小說《大海啊大海》、《黑王子》、《斷頭》等。本文主要通過分析《大海啊大海》里人物的逃避愛、自由與現(xiàn)實(shí)的方式以及原因，說明逃避的根源與自然、文化、心理因素之間的關(guān)系，闡述存在主義哲學(xué)觀點(diǎn)對(duì)作者的影響以及在作品中的體現(xiàn)，即人的存在、人對(duì)自由的選擇和逃避本能。作者認(rèn)為，逃避并不能改變?nèi)说睦Ь常挥型ㄟ^善和無我，人才能夠真正看清現(xiàn)實(shí)，得到愛，實(shí)現(xiàn)自由。 全文共分為四章，第一章主要分析小說中的人物逃避愛的方式和表現(xiàn)。本文認(rèn)為自欺、嫉妒與羨慕、猜疑是人們獲得愛的絆腳石。自欺不同于說謊，自欺從本質(zhì)上是一種意識(shí)的統(tǒng)一，是意識(shí)對(duì)自己的謊言。嫉妒與羨慕不同，雖然二者都會(huì)產(chǎn)生恐懼、不安等情緒。羨慕指的是渴望擁有被嫉妒身上特有的品質(zhì)或者物品，而嫉妒是擔(dān)心已有之物被人奪走而產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)烈情感。猜疑使人們之間的隔閡加深。 第二章分析小說中主要人物逃避自由的方式和表現(xiàn)，主要為權(quán)威主義、破壞傾向和依戀。權(quán)威主義有兩種實(shí)現(xiàn)方式，一是服從權(quán)威，二是將自己塑造成權(quán)威，而權(quán)威主義中最極端的是施虐和受虐。無論是將自己變成權(quán)威還是依附權(quán)威，都是為了逃避作為獨(dú)立個(gè)體所需要承擔(dān)的焦慮和絕對(duì)自由帶來的虛無、無力感。存在主義心理分析學(xué)派認(rèn)為愛生是人的第一潛能，而當(dāng)環(huán)境極度惡劣，人的第一潛能受到嚴(yán)重抑制時(shí)，就會(huì)表現(xiàn)出破壞性。 第三章分析小說中主要人物逃避現(xiàn)實(shí)的方式和表現(xiàn)。本文認(rèn)為自私、錯(cuò)覺以及自我主義是妨礙人認(rèn)清現(xiàn)實(shí)的障礙。自私的人受困于自我的牢籠，無法對(duì)自己、他人、外在世界有客觀真實(shí)的認(rèn)識(shí)，因?yàn)樽晕摇⑺接麜?huì)使人的認(rèn)知發(fā)生扭曲，無法對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)有客觀、全面的了解。自私和錯(cuò)覺還會(huì)導(dǎo)致自我主義或者唯我，唯我論者只關(guān)注自己，忽略他人的存在和感受，只關(guān)注自己的內(nèi)心世界，根據(jù)自己的意愿構(gòu)建內(nèi)在現(xiàn)實(shí)。 第四章側(cè)重于從自然、文化、心理等方面探討逃避的根源，以及逃避的作用。逃避是人類的本能，，是自然給予所有生物的自我保護(hù)機(jī)制。然而與其他生物相比，人類因其獨(dú)特的認(rèn)知和思考能力，還承擔(dān)著存在帶來的焦慮與恐懼，尤其是在宗教的影響日漸式微的時(shí)候，上帝和神的缺失意味著統(tǒng)一的價(jià)值觀的缺失，現(xiàn)代人更面臨著虛無主義的困擾。文化是人類在逃避自然過程中的產(chǎn)物，另一方面也促成并加劇了人類的逃避的本能。作為一種特殊的存在，人有多種需求，而需求受挫也會(huì)導(dǎo)致逃避。逃避如同安慰劑，能夠給暫時(shí)緩解焦慮中，也給夾在本我和超我的雙重壓力下的自我一個(gè)喘息的空間。
[Abstract]:Rupert Murdoch is an outstanding British novelist and philosopher after World War II. Through her novels, she conveys her philosophical and ethical ideas, that is, good and no self. His main masterpieces are the 1978 Booker Prize in the novel "the Sea", "Prince Black", "broken head" and so on. By analyzing the ways and reasons for the characters to escape from love, freedom and reality in "the Sea, O Sea", this paper explains the relationship between the root of escape and natural, cultural and psychological factors. This paper expounds the influence of existentialist philosophy on the author and its embodiment in his works, that is, the existence of man, the choice of freedom and the instinct of escape. The author believes that escape can not change people's plight, only through good and no self, people can truly see the reality, get love, and realize freedom. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter mainly analyzes the ways and manifestations of the characters in the novel to escape love. This paper argues that self-deception, envy and envy, suspicion are the stumbling blocks of love. Self-deception is different from lying. Self-deception is essentially a unity of consciousness and a lie of consciousness to itself. Jealousy is different from envy, although both produce emotions such as fear, unease, etc. Envy refers to the desire to possess qualities or objects characteristic of being jealous, and jealousy is a strong feeling for fear of being taken away. Suspicion deepens the gulf between people. The second chapter analyzes the main characters' ways and manifestations of escaping freedom, mainly authoritarianism, destructive tendency and attachment. There are two ways to realize authoritarianism, one is to obey authority, the other is to portray oneself as authority, and the most extreme of authoritarianism is abuse and masochism. Whether it is to become authority or to cling to authority, it is to escape the anxiety and absolute freedom that need to be undertaken as an independent individual, the sense of nothingness and powerlessness. Existentialist psychoanalysis school believes that love is the first potential of human beings, but when the environment is extremely bad, people's first potential is severely suppressed, it will be destructive. The third chapter analyzes the main characters in the novel escapism and performance. This paper argues that selfishness, illusion and egoism are obstacles to the realization of reality. Selfish people are trapped in the cage of their own, unable to have an objective and real understanding of themselves, others, and the outside world, because ego and selfish desires will distort people's cognition and will not have an objective and comprehensive understanding of reality. Selfishness and illusion also lead to egoism or solipsism, solipsism only pays attention to oneself, neglects the existence and feeling of others, only pays attention to the inner world of oneself, and constructs reality according to one's own will. The fourth chapter focuses on the nature, culture, psychology and other aspects of the root causes of escape, as well as the role of escape. Escape is a human instinct, a self-protective mechanism that nature gives to all living things. However, compared with other living things, human beings, because of their unique cognitive and thinking abilities, also bear the anxiety and fear brought about by existence, especially when the influence of religion is declining, the absence of God and God means the absence of unified values. Modern people are confronted with the problem of nihilism. Culture is the product of human escape from nature, on the other hand, it promotes and intensifies the human instinct to escape. As a special existence, people have a variety of needs, and the frustration of demand will lead to escape. Escape, like a placebo, can give temporary relief to anxiety, but also a breathing space for the ego caught in the pressure of the ego and the superego.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：I561.074

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