本文選題：托爾金 + 《指環(huán)王》��； 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：J.R.R.托爾金(1892年--1973年)是英國著名的小說家、詩人、語言學(xué)家和語言學(xué)家，但他最為人們熟知的身份還是經(jīng)典魔幻小說《指環(huán)王》三部曲的作者�！吨腑h(huán)王》的問世掀起了一股魔幻小說熱，也讓托爾金成為炙手可熱的暢銷書作家，他亦因此被公認(rèn)為20世紀(jì)最偉大的小說家之一，同時還被選為20世紀(jì)最有影響力的英語小說家，與C.S.劉易斯、薩爾曼·拉什迪齊名�！吨腑h(huán)王》在出版之初備受文學(xué)批評家的質(zhì)疑，許多批評家認(rèn)為它們充滿著遁世的消極思想，反映出作者對現(xiàn)實世界的逃避態(tài)度，還有一些評論家認(rèn)為它們充滿著對中世紀(jì)等級制度的迷戀與贊美。即便如此，它在廣大讀者中卻擁有著良好的口碑。2001年，美國大導(dǎo)演彼得·杰克遜將這部小說搬上銀幕，電影的上映取得了票房和口碑的雙豐收，全球也隨之掀起了一股《指環(huán)王》熱，更多的批評家將目光重新定位在這部小說上，而且大多數(shù)批評家給予了托爾金和《指環(huán)王》正面的評價。 《指環(huán)王》共分為上中下三部，第一部叫“護(hù)戒聯(lián)盟”，是關(guān)于以霍比特人佛羅多·巴金斯為首的護(hù)戒聯(lián)盟的形成，這支隊伍的任務(wù)是護(hù)送佛羅多到魔多，將萬惡的魔戒丟進(jìn)巖漿中毀掉。護(hù)送隊伍由一個精靈、一個矮人族、四個霍比特人、一個巫師和兩個人組成。第二部叫做“雙塔奇兵”，講述這支護(hù)戒聯(lián)盟路上經(jīng)歷的種種艱辛以及每個成員在魔戒的誘惑下展現(xiàn)出來的內(nèi)心世界，白袍巫師薩魯曼在自己欲望驅(qū)使下背叛正義投向邪惡勢力，建筑塔樓砍伐樹木，制造與中土對抗的大軍。第三部“王者歸來”則以倒敘的方式介紹魔戒怎樣落到夏爾小村莊。護(hù)戒聯(lián)盟經(jīng)歷艱難險阻，最終將魔戒丟入魔多山的熔巖，隨著魔戒的熔化，魔戒的鍛造者索倫所建造的邪惡帝國分崩離析，阿拉貢成為國王，中土世界再次回到和平美好的時代。 法國弗朗西絲娃·德·奧波妮40年前提出生態(tài)女性主義的概念，后經(jīng)卡羅爾·麥茜特、葉內(nèi)斯特·金等理論家和社會活動家的補(bǔ)充和實踐，，生態(tài)女性主義現(xiàn)已成為非常成熟的思想體系。生態(tài)女性主義者認(rèn)為：女性和自然由于長期以來受到男權(quán)社會的剝削與壓迫從而形成了一種天然的聯(lián)系。自然和女性所受的不公平待遇是由于人類中心論和男性中心論的盛行而致，男權(quán)至上的思想構(gòu)成了等級制度的溫床，要想消除等級制度，達(dá)到人人平等，并回復(fù)到男性與女性、人與自然的美好關(guān)系，就要以生態(tài)女性主義重新建構(gòu)社會秩序。因此消除女性所受的壓迫與剝削和消除自然所受的壓迫與剝削密不可分。生態(tài)女性主義理論者還考慮在消除對自然的控制、性別歧視的基礎(chǔ)上消除種族歧視、物種至上主義以及其他各種社會不平等。 《指環(huán)王》這部小說在向讀者展現(xiàn)一個充滿北歐風(fēng)情的魔幻世界的同時，也將對女性和自然的關(guān)注融入到敘事的過程當(dāng)中。小說不僅呈現(xiàn)了未受戰(zhàn)爭波及的世外桃源—夏爾，以及夏爾居住的霍比特人與自然和諧共處的互相依存的關(guān)系，同時也描述了邪惡巫師薩魯曼以及魔戒鍛造者索倫為達(dá)到自己統(tǒng)治中土世界的目的，不惜毀壞土地、砍伐樹木以獲取自己建造魔多大軍的原料，他們的貪婪導(dǎo)致美好家園退化成不毛之地。散發(fā)著惡臭的沼澤，以及吱吱冒煙的枯樹都代表著貪婪和欲望為生態(tài)所帶來的創(chuàng)傷。作者托爾金還將視野投向女性角色身上。他賦予許多女性堅韌、果敢和犧牲的精神并讓女性承擔(dān)了傳統(tǒng)意義上由男性掌控的權(quán)利。她們管理國家、征戰(zhàn)沙場、成為男性角色的精神寄托。更難能可貴的是托爾金在他的小說中處處宣揚(yáng)平等的理念，認(rèn)為人人都可以為和平貢獻(xiàn)力量，人不分貴賤強(qiáng)弱，都可以成為歷史的創(chuàng)造者。這也解釋了為什么弱小而與世無爭的霍比特人佛羅多·巴金斯成為魔戒的持有者，其他的小矮人雖然備受質(zhì)疑，卻也在戰(zhàn)爭中可以戰(zhàn)功卓著。這些描寫都與20世紀(jì)七十年代出現(xiàn)的生態(tài)女性主義思潮不謀而合，體現(xiàn)了生態(tài)女性主義中所有的生命存在同等重要且都有其價值的理念。 本論文一共分為五部分，第一部分對托爾金、小說《指環(huán)王》以及生態(tài)女性主義理論加以介紹，同時對該小說的國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行梳理；第二部分著重分析小說中女性的從屬地位、她們所受的壓迫與男權(quán)社會的關(guān)系以及女性角色的反叛；第三部分是關(guān)于自然的地位以及自然對剝削和壓迫的反叛；第四部分從托爾金的經(jīng)歷以及生活的大背景來分析小說作者在《指環(huán)王》中呈現(xiàn)生態(tài)女性主義的原因。此章還結(jié)合小說出版之時的社會背景來研究小說的生態(tài)女性主義緣起以及小說中該思想的積極意義和歷史局限性；第五部分為總結(jié)部分，總結(jié)了托爾金小說中所蘊(yùn)含的生態(tài)女性主義思想，同時還指出了其思想的歷史局限及原因。
[Abstract]:J.R.R. Tolkien (1892 --1973) is a famous British novelist, poet, linguist and linguist, but his most familiar identity or the author of the classic magic novel, the Lord of the rings, has set off a magic novel and makes Tolkien a hot best-selling writer. Recognized as one of the greatest novelists in the twentieth Century, it was also chosen as the most influential English novelist in the twentieth Century, with C.S. Lewis and Salman Rashid. Some critics think that they are filled with love and praise for the medieval hierarchy. Even so, it has a good reputation among the vast majority of readers,.2001, the great director of the United States, Peter Jackson, who brought the novel to the screen, and the film was shown with a double harvest of box office and word of mouth. A lot of critics have relocated their eyes on the novel, and most critics have given Torkin and the Lord of the ring a positive evaluation.
"The Lord of the rings" is divided into three middle and middle parts. The first is the "guard alliance", the formation of a guard alliance, led by the hobbit. The task of the team is to escort Frodo to magic, and to destroy the evil rings of the magma. The escort team consists of an elf, a dwarf, and four hobbits, one. A wizard and two men are composed. Second is called the "Twin Towers wonder", which tells the hardships of the experience of the alliance, and the inner world of each member's enticement under the lure of the ring. The white robe wizard Saruman, driven by his desires, betrays justice to the evil forces, the building towers cut down the trees, and make the Middle Earth. The third "return of the king" introduces how the Lord of the ring falls to the small village of Charle in a flashback way. The consortium has experienced difficulties and difficulties, and eventually lost the magic ring to the mountains of the lava. With the melting of the ring, the evil empire built by the forgman of the ring of the Lord of the ring is disintegrated, Aragon becomes king, and the Middle Earth is back once again. To a time of peace and beauty.
40 years ago, the concept of ecofeminism was put forward by French Francisva de Opone. After the supplement and practice of Carol Merchant, Ernest Kim and other theorists and social activists, ecofeminism has now become a very mature system of thought. Ecofeminers believe that women and nature have been subjected to a long time. The exploitation and oppression of the patriarchal society have formed a natural connection. The unfair treatment of nature and women is due to the prevalence of anthropocentrism and male centrism. The patriarchal supremacy constitutes the hotbed of the hierarchy, the elimination of the hierarchy, the equality of all, and the return to men and women, people and self. The better relationship is to reconstruct social order with ecofeminism. Therefore, the elimination of oppression and exploitation and the elimination of oppression and exploitation of nature are inseparable from the oppression and exploitation of women. The ecofeminist theory also considers the elimination of racial discrimination, species supremacism and the elimination of the control of nature and gender discrimination. He is unequal in all kinds of society.
The novel, "the Lord of the rings", presents a magical world full of Nordic customs to readers, while also integrating the concerns of women and nature into the process of narration. It also describes the evil wizard Saruman and the Lord of the ring forger Sauron for the purpose of achieving his own domination of the earth world, to destroy the land, to cut down the trees to obtain their own material for the building of the magic army, their greed which has led to the degradation of the beautiful home, the stinky swamps, and the squeaky and smoky dead trees. Torkin, the author of greed and desire for ecology, also puts his view on the role of women. He gives many women the spirit of tenacity, courageous and sacrifice, and makes women take the right to be controlled by men in the traditional sense. They manage the country, fight for the sand, become the spiritual sustenance of the male role. In his novels, Torkin advocates the idea of equality, that everyone can contribute to peace, and that people can be the creator of history. It also explains why the small and undissoluble Frodo Baggins, the Hobbit, is the holder of the ring of the Lord, while the other dwarfs are questioned. These descriptions coincide with the ecofeminist trend of thought that appeared in 70s twentieth Century, reflecting the idea that all life in ecofeminism is of equal importance and has its value.
This thesis is divided into five parts. The first part introduces Torkin, the king of the ring, and the theory of ecofeminism. At the same time, it combs the current research status of the novel at home and abroad; the second part focuses on the analysis of the subordinate status of women in the novel, the relationship between the pressure and the male rights society and the negative role of women. The third part is about the position of nature and the rebellion of exploitation and oppression by nature. The fourth part analyses the reason why the author presents the ecofeminism in the Lord of the ring from the experience of Torkin and the background of life. The origin and the positive and historical limitations of the thought in the novel; the fifth part summarizes the ecofeminism thought contained in Torkin's novels, and also points out the historical limitations and reasons of his thought.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：I561.074

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