本文選題：《霍華德莊園》 + E.M.福斯特��； 參考：《重慶大學》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：E. M.福斯特(Edward Morgan Forster，1879－1970)是英國文學史上著名的作家，他同喬伊斯、勞倫斯和伍爾夫一起被稱為20世紀英國最偉大的小說家�！痘羧A德莊園》作為他的代表作之一，自1910年發(fā)表以來贏得了廣泛的關注。作為一部典型的英國社會小說，《霍華德莊園》揭示了愛德華時代社會的深刻變動給人們生活上所帶來的廣泛影響，特別是對中產階級產生的精神上的沖擊。 本文運用新精神分析學家霍妮的焦慮理論來探討《霍華德莊園》中主要人物的焦慮，以人物的焦慮心理為切入點，通過運用霍妮的焦慮理論和文本細讀的方法，來分析福斯特對愛德華時代人物內心狀況的關注和探索。通過對小說中四個人物內心焦慮的表現(xiàn)、焦慮產生的原因、應對焦慮的防御策略以及由此導致的后果，揭示出愛德華時代的文化環(huán)境是個體焦慮產生的重要原因，并指出只有通過靈活運用霍妮提出的三種防御策略才能有效地對抗焦慮。該研究是對《霍華德莊園》的一種全新解讀，試圖為研究福斯特的作品提供一種新的視角。 《霍華茲莊園》描述了愛德華時代的英國中產階級三類人物的焦慮狀態(tài)，而這種焦慮正是愛德華時代的社會文化環(huán)境和個人成長經歷共同作用的結果。第一類是代表英國中產階級上層精神和文化的知識分子施萊格爾姐妹，她們有著良好的文化素養(yǎng)并對人與人之間的割裂狀態(tài)有著深深的憂慮，她們致力于同其他人建立良好的關系，并幫助別人實現(xiàn)外在世界和內心世界之間的聯(lián)結�，敻覃愄匾驗闊o法在喧囂變動中的倫敦找到一處物質和精神上的家園，而陷入了無助和不安之中；瑪格麗特靈活采用了趨眾、逆眾和離眾這三種策略來對抗焦慮情緒，并最終在霍華德莊園實現(xiàn)了自己的聯(lián)結理想，找到了生活和精神上的平靜。海倫一心想要追求理想中的轟轟烈烈的愛情，對現(xiàn)實生活中愛和激情的缺失有著深深的焦慮；她極端地采取趨眾或是逆眾這兩種策略來緩解自己對愛和激情的嚴重焦慮，最終不僅傷害了周圍的人并且導致自己未婚先孕。第二類是英國中產階級實業(yè)家，代表人物是亨利·威爾科克斯。亨利是“社會達爾文主義”的忠實倡導者和實踐者，他勤勞能干，精于賺錢，卻冷漠虛偽，缺乏感情實和想象力。亨利的焦慮一方面源于對財富、權力和名望的永不知足的追求，另一方面來源于他對情感的極力逃避和抹殺；他通過采取逆眾的策略來緩解自己內心的焦慮，卻最終發(fā)現(xiàn)自己眾叛親離、內心脆弱、不堪一擊。第三類人是新興中產階級，代表人物是倫納德。作為自耕農的后代和生活在城市邊緣的群體，倫納德對中產階級上層羨慕不已，并力圖通過學習文化最終躋身到中產階級上層社會。他對自己的身份有著深深的焦慮；他通過采取離眾的方式，試圖緩解自己的焦慮，卻最終發(fā)現(xiàn)自己淪落成了異化者。這三類人都竭力想擺脫自己的焦慮，但是除了瑪格麗特之外，其他人的嘗試都以失敗告終。根據(jù)霍妮的焦慮理論，在對抗焦慮的過程中，只有通過靈活運用趨眾、逆眾和離眾這三種策略，才能有效緩解焦慮，實現(xiàn)人際關系的和諧，并最終保持自身人格的獨立性和完整性。瑪格麗特做到了這一點，最終成功地戰(zhàn)勝了自己的焦慮。海倫、亨利和倫納德則由于固執(zhí)地選擇某種策略來對抗內心的不安，，導致自己的人生陷入了更多的焦慮之中。 本論文研究表明，福斯特十分關心愛德華時代中產階級各個階層的心理狀況。福斯特對愛德華時代人們的焦慮狀況有著清醒的認識，他通過對小說主要人物瑪格麗特、海倫、亨利和倫納德焦慮心理機制的刻畫，一方面指出愛德華時代的文化環(huán)境是導致個體焦慮產生的重要因素，另一方面也試圖為焦躁不安的英國中產階級提出自己的解決方案——那就是只有通過靈活運用抵抗焦慮的三種策略，建立起和諧的人際關系并保持自我人格的獨立性和完整性，才能最終有效緩解內心的焦慮。
[Abstract]:Edward Morgan Forster , 1879 - 1970 , is a well - known writer in the history of British literature . He is known as the greatest novelist in the 20th century , along with Joyce , Lawrence and Wolff . As part of his masterpiece , he has won extensive attention since its publication in 1910 . As a typical British social novel , the poet Howard Estate has revealed the profound changes in the society of the Edwardian era to people ' s life , especially in the spirit of the middle class .

This paper tries to explore the anxiety of the main characters in Howard ' s estate by using the anxiety theory of the new psychoanalyst , and analyzes Foster ' s attention and exploration on the inner situation of the characters in the Edwardian era by using the anxiety theory and the method of text reading . The author points out that the culture environment of the Edwardian age is the important reason for individual anxiety .

This anxiety is the result of a common role in the social and cultural environment and personal growth of the Edwardian era . The first is to represent the spiritual and cultural intellectuals of the middle class of Britain . They are committed to establishing good relations with others and helping others to realize the links between the world and the inner world . Margaret is in a helpless and disconcerting manner because it is unable to find a material and spiritual home in London .
Margaret ' s flexible use of the three strategies to fight anxiety , and finally achieved his own ideal in Howard Estate , and found life and spiritual peace . Helen wanted to pursue the ideal of love , deep anxiety about the lack of love and passion in real life ;
The second class is British middle - class industrialist , who is a faithful advocate and practitioner of social Darwinism . He works hard , makes money , but indifference , lack of emotional realism and imagination . Henry ' s anxiety is rooted in the never - contented pursuit of wealth , power and prestige , and on the other hand from his efforts to escape and wipe out his emotions ;
The third category is the emerging middle class , representing Leonard . As the offspring of self - cultivation and the group living on the edge of the city , Leonard is envied by the middle class and seeks to eventually become a middle - class society through learning culture . He has a deep anxiety about his identity ;
He tried to relieve his anxiety by taking off - the - crowd approach , but eventually found himself to fall into alienation . In addition to Margaret , the attempts of others ended in failure . According to Horney ' s theory of anxiety , only through the use of the crowd , the crowd and the crowd of the three strategies can effectively relieve anxiety , achieve harmonious interpersonal relationships , and ultimately maintain the independence and integrity of their personality .

The study shows that Foster is very concerned about the psychological condition of the middle class of the middle class of Edward . Forster has a clear understanding of the anxiety state of the people in the Edwardian era . On the other hand , the author points out that the cultural environment of the Edwardian era is an important factor which leads to the anxiety of the individual . On the other hand , it tries to put forward his solution for the anxious British middle class . That is to establish a harmonious interpersonal relationship and maintain the independence and integrity of the self - personality only through the flexible use of three strategies to resist anxiety , so that the inner anxiety can be effectively alleviated .

【學位授予單位】：重慶大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：I561.074

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前1條

1 胡強;肖科苗;;一部典型的“英國狀況”小說——論福斯特《霍華德莊園》中的焦慮主題[J];外國語文;2010年05期

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