本文關(guān)鍵詞：論德萊塞《嘉莉妹妹》中的社會(huì)悲劇　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：西奧多·德萊塞是20世紀(jì)美國(guó)文學(xué)史上最偉大的作家之一,他的小說(shuō)打破了以往文學(xué)作品中的儒雅傳統(tǒng),真實(shí)地反映了美國(guó)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中的丑陋現(xiàn)象,如貧困、失業(yè)、饑餓和貧富懸殊等現(xiàn)象,展現(xiàn)給讀者一個(gè)物欲至上的拜金主義世界。《嘉莉妹妹》是他的代表作之一,該小說(shuō)一出版就引起社會(huì)各界的廣泛爭(zhēng)議,甚至因?yàn)槠涮^(guò)真實(shí)的描寫一度遭到出版商的拒絕。在該小說(shuō)中,德萊塞塑造了一系列悲劇人物,意在通過(guò)小說(shuō)中人物的悲劇來(lái)表達(dá)他對(duì)美國(guó)社會(huì)的悲觀主義態(tài)度。 除序論和結(jié)語(yǔ)外,論文由三個(gè)章節(jié)組成。 第一章主要介紹了德萊塞創(chuàng)作《嘉莉妹妹》這部小說(shuō)的理論依據(jù)以及這些理論對(duì)德萊塞在小說(shuō)中悲觀主義態(tài)度的影響。本章共分三小節(jié)：第一節(jié)討論了現(xiàn)實(shí)主義對(duì)德萊塞的影響,現(xiàn)實(shí)主義主張還原生活的真實(shí)面貌,要求真實(shí)的人物,真實(shí)的場(chǎng)景,以及真實(shí)的事件。德萊塞創(chuàng)作《嘉莉妹妹》時(shí)遵循了這一現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的創(chuàng)作原則,作者以姐姐愛瑪?shù)恼鎸?shí)故事為藍(lán)本,以自己成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷及后來(lái)的工作中親身所見所聞為素材,在小說(shuō)中真實(shí)地反映了19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初美國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)生活的悲慘情景并力求探求其原因及本質(zhì)。第二節(jié)討論了社會(huì)達(dá)爾文主義對(duì)德萊塞的影響。斯賓塞最先將達(dá)爾文主義應(yīng)用到人類社會(huì),認(rèn)為自然淘汰在人類的進(jìn)化、發(fā)展上起著重要的作用,并提出“適者生存”的理念。在《嘉莉妹妹》中,德萊塞將這一理論用來(lái)解釋美國(guó)資本主義社會(huì)中弱肉強(qiáng)食的現(xiàn)象。第三節(jié)討論了自然主義對(duì)德萊塞的影響,自然主義強(qiáng)調(diào)遺傳和環(huán)境的作用,是一種生物決定論或機(jī)械決定論。人的行為完全受本能或欲望等遺傳因素及環(huán)境外力的控制,因而無(wú)法掌控自己的命運(yùn),其本身就是一種悲劇。在小說(shuō)中,嘉莉和赫斯特伍德的悲劇命運(yùn)正是環(huán)境外力及其自身對(duì)欲望的追逐雙重作用下所產(chǎn)生的必然結(jié)果。 第二章主要介紹了美國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)因素在小說(shuō)《嘉莉妹妹》中的體現(xiàn)。論文作者分別從美國(guó)工業(yè)化及城市化的影響、消費(fèi)主義的盛行及美國(guó)夢(mèng)的幻滅三個(gè)方面分析了小說(shuō)的社會(huì)環(huán)境。由于工業(yè)化及城市化的影響,城市大量出現(xiàn)并得到快速發(fā)展,農(nóng)村人口大量涌入城市,出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的貧富不均,加深了社會(huì)階級(jí)矛盾；同時(shí),隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的高度發(fā)展,消費(fèi)主義盛行,人們的價(jià)值觀發(fā)生了急劇的變化,美國(guó)逐漸變?yōu)橐粋�(gè)金錢至上、物欲橫流的社會(huì)；而最初帶有積極意義的美國(guó)夢(mèng)也喪失了其原本的內(nèi)涵。由于過(guò)度強(qiáng)調(diào)物質(zhì)財(cái)富在人生中的意義,很多人心中最初的美國(guó)夢(mèng)逐漸破滅。論文指出正是這些不良社會(huì)因素的存在,在極大程度上造成了小說(shuō)中人物悲劇命運(yùn)的發(fā)生。 第三章為小說(shuō)中兩個(gè)主要人物悲劇命運(yùn)的分析。本論文對(duì)嘉莉的悲劇命運(yùn)主要從其永無(wú)休止的欲望、身份的迷失、以及生命的無(wú)意義三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行分析；而赫斯特伍德的悲劇則主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：一是其對(duì)權(quán)力和控制的欲望,二是否認(rèn)失去及對(duì)環(huán)境的不適應(yīng)。前者導(dǎo)致其喪失了原本富足安逸的生活,而后者則使其成為“適者生存”這一法則的犧牲品,最終落得個(gè)自殺身亡的悲慘結(jié)局。 論文最后一部分是結(jié)論。論文指出：德萊塞深刻細(xì)致的人物描寫真實(shí)地刻畫了當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)工業(yè)化社會(huì)中人們的悲劇命運(yùn),反映了他對(duì)美國(guó)資本主義社會(huì)的悲觀主義態(tài)度。德萊塞在小說(shuō)中展示的對(duì)人生的無(wú)助以及對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)人民生存困境的思索具有極大的普遍性,對(duì)當(dāng)今的美國(guó)社會(huì)以及整個(gè)人類社會(huì)同樣具有啟迪意義。認(rèn)真閱讀這部美國(guó)作品將會(huì)引導(dǎo)讀者重新思索一些有關(guān)人類社會(huì)、人文價(jià)值觀等方面的重大課題,在當(dāng)代仍具有一定的教育啟迪意義。
[Abstract]:Theodore Dreiser is one of the greatest writers in the twentieth Century American literature. His novels broke the genteel tradition of previous literary works, a true reflection of the ugly phenomenon in modern American society such as poverty, unemployment, hunger and disparity between the rich and the poor, shows the readers a materialistic and money oriented world. Sister Carrie. Is one of his masterpieces, the novel publishing has aroused widespread controversy, even because it is too real description once of rejection. In the novel, Dreiser created a series of tragic figures, intended by the tragedy of the characters in the novel to express his pessimistic attitude of American society.
Besides the preface and conclusion, the thesis consists of three chapters.
The first chapter mainly introduces the theoretical basis of the novel creation of Dreiser < > Sister Carrie and the influences of these theories on Dreiser in the novel "pessimistic attitude. This chapter is divided into three sections: the first section discusses the influence of Dreiser's realism, realism reducing life truly requires real characters, the real scene, and real events. The principle of the creation of Dreiser" creation of Sister Carrie > follow the realism, the author in the true story of sister Emma was modeled with their own growth experience and the later work personally for what one sees and hears a true reflection of the material, at the end of nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century was a tragic scene the social life seek the cause and nature in the novel. The second section discusses the influence of social Darwinism on Dreiser. Spencer will be the first application of Darwinism To the human society, thinks that natural selection in human evolution, plays an important role in the development, and put forward the concept of "survival of the fittest". In "Sister Carrie", Dreiser used this theory to explain the law of the jungle in capitalist society. The third section discusses the influence of Dreiser's naturalism, naturalism emphasizes genetic and the role of the environment, is a kind of biological determinism or mechanical determinism. Human behavior completely controlled by hereditary factors such as instinct and desire and external environment, and therefore can not control their own destiny, which in itself is a tragedy. In the novel, Carrie and Hearst Wood's tragic fate is inevitable result external environmental forces and their desire to pursue the dual role.
The second chapter mainly introduces the social factors of the embodied in the novel < > in Sister Carrie. The author of this paper respectively from the influence of American industrialization and the city, the three aspects of consumerism and the disillusionment of the American dream of the novel social environment. Because of the influence of industrialization and urbanization, and the emergence of a large number of city the rapid development of the large rural population into the city, appear serious inequality, deepened the social class contradictions; at the same time, with the development of economy, consumerism, people's values have changed dramatically, the United States gradually become the first as a money, materialistic society; and the first with a positive meaning of the United States dream also lost its original meaning. Because of excessive emphasis on the significance of material wealth in life, the original American dream of many people gradually shattered. It is pointed out that these papers The existence of good social factors has caused the tragic fate of the characters in the novel to a great extent.
The third chapter is the analysis of the two main characters in the novel the tragic fate. The tragic fate of Carrie mainly from its insatiable desire, the loss of identity, and life is meaningless in three aspects of analysis; and Hearst Wood's tragedy is mainly embodied in two aspects: one is the power and control the two is not to deny the desire, and lost to the environment. The former leads to the loss of the original rich and comfortable life, and the latter to fall victim to the "survival of the fittest" of the law, resulting in a tragic ending Dutch act dead.
The last part is the conclusion. The paper points out that Dreiser profound portrayal of real conditions of the people at the time of American industrialization society tragedy destiny, reflects his pessimistic attitude toward American capitalist society. Dreiser showed in the novels about life and the American people think helpless predicament is universal great, also has the enlightenment for Contemporary American society and the whole human society. Read this American novel will guide the readers to reconsider some of the human society, humanistic value view etc. the major issue in the contemporary, still has a certain degree of education enlightenment.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：I712.074

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本文編號(hào)：1376801