新裝修住宅室內(nèi)空氣污染物—甲醛的污染調(diào)查分析與防治對策
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-06 07:45
【摘要】：據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，世界上30％的新建和重修的建筑物中發(fā)現(xiàn)室內(nèi)空氣有害健康，這些被污染的室內(nèi)空氣已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致全球性的人口發(fā)病率和死亡率的增加，室內(nèi)空氣污染已被列入對公眾健康危害的五種環(huán)境因素之一。國際上一些室內(nèi)環(huán)境專家提醒人們，在經(jīng)歷了工業(yè)革命帶來的“煤煙型污染”和“光化學(xué)煙霧型污染”之后，現(xiàn)代人已經(jīng)進入了以“室內(nèi)空氣污染”為標(biāo)志的第三個污染時期。人類社會在進入信息時代以后，生活的轉(zhuǎn)型使得人們停留在室內(nèi)的時間越來越長，因此，家庭、辦公室等建筑物的環(huán)境質(zhì)量異常重要。 室內(nèi)空氣污染與大氣空氣污染由于所處的環(huán)境不同，其污染特征也不同。室內(nèi)空氣污染具有累積性、長期性和多樣性等特征。室內(nèi)環(huán)境污染往往比室外污染的危害更為嚴重，空氣中的微粒、細菌、病毒和其他有害物質(zhì)日積月累地損害著人們的身體健康，特別是長期處于封閉室內(nèi)環(huán)境的人尤其如此。 隨著住宅改革和國民生活水平的提高，特別是建材工業(yè)的高速發(fā)展及裝修熱的興起，由裝飾材料所造成的污染成了室內(nèi)污染的主要來源。在居住條件大幅度改善的同時，室內(nèi)空氣品質(zhì)卻不斷惡化。就我國目前而言，引起居室室內(nèi)空氣污染最主要原因是由于不良裝修，即在裝修過程中使用了含有大量有害物質(zhì)如甲醛、氨、揮發(fā)性有機物等一些裝飾材料。大量文獻表明，在國內(nèi)引起室內(nèi)空氣污染的最主要原因是由于裝修過程中使用的各種各樣的不良建材，這些建材成為污染室內(nèi)空氣的污染源，很多裝飾裝修材料都含有種類不同、數(shù)量不等的各種污染物。其中大多數(shù)是具有揮發(fā)性的，可造成較為嚴重的室內(nèi)空氣污染，通過呼吸道、皮膚、眼睛等對室內(nèi)人群的健康產(chǎn)生很大的危害。而在這些室內(nèi)空氣污染物中，甲醛與 WP=58 其他室內(nèi)有機污染物相比，其來源與影響在裝飾裝修室內(nèi)環(huán)境中最為突出，故引起廣泛的重視。 用做室內(nèi)裝飾的膠合板、細木工板、中密度纖維板和刨花板等人造板材中都含有甲醛，即使長期接觸低劑量的甲醛也會引起慢性呼吸道疾病，高濃度的甲醛對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、肝臟等都有毒害，長期接觸較高濃度的甲醛會出現(xiàn)急性精神抑郁癥，國際癌癥研究所已將其作為可致癌物對待。由建筑材料排入空氣中的甲醛逐年增加，尤其在住宅裝修熱的當(dāng)今，室內(nèi)的甲醛污染已引起人們的極大關(guān)注。 新裝修住宅指的是裝飾裝修工作結(jié)束一個月以內(nèi)的住宅。本論文在2002年7月到2004年3月間，對25個新裝修住宅內(nèi)的居室中的甲醛濃度作了調(diào)查、采樣、分析與監(jiān)測，并對其中甲醛污染嚴重的住宅進行了重點跟蹤監(jiān)測，并對監(jiān)測和調(diào)查的結(jié)果進行了研究與分析。 新裝修住宅的室內(nèi)甲醛濃度超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象相當(dāng)嚴重，在監(jiān)測的25組數(shù)據(jù)中，有19組數(shù)據(jù)超過國家標(biāo)準，超標(biāo)率近80%。最高的達到國家標(biāo)準的近6倍，平均超出標(biāo)準1.3倍。本文通過對住宅裝修過程中以細木工板為代表的人造板材使用量的調(diào)查，以及住宅內(nèi)甲醛氣體濃度的監(jiān)測結(jié)果，發(fā)現(xiàn)室內(nèi)空氣中甲醛的濃度與單位體積內(nèi)使用的細木工板的數(shù)量是基本成正比關(guān)系的。在住宅居室頂高基本相同或差異很小的情況下，單位面積內(nèi)細木工板的使用量越多，甲醛散發(fā)材料的表面積就越大，同時室內(nèi)空氣中甲醛的濃度也就越高。 本文發(fā)現(xiàn)室內(nèi)空氣中的甲醛來源于室內(nèi)的人造板材等裝飾裝修材料，而對于甲醛的污染源而言，甲醛位于人造板材的深層而不是在表面，其對甲醛的釋放是一個緩慢的、連續(xù)的、不間斷的過程，室內(nèi)短時間的通風(fēng)可以使甲醛的濃度暫時降低，但是如果停止通風(fēng) WP=59 或通風(fēng)換氣的效果不好，甲醛的濃度就會隨著污染源的不斷釋放，在室內(nèi)不斷集聚而升高，導(dǎo)致室內(nèi)甲醛濃度超標(biāo)。 本文經(jīng)過對實驗對象的跟蹤監(jiān)測，發(fā)現(xiàn)通過自然通風(fēng)，室內(nèi)甲醛濃度明顯降低，加強通風(fēng)有利于室內(nèi)甲醛的稀釋、散發(fā)和排出。事實表明，室內(nèi)空氣快速流動對降低甲醛濃度效果很好，是促進甲醛濃度降低的非常有效的辦法。 為了研究自然通風(fēng)對室內(nèi)甲醛濃度的降低過程與時間的關(guān)系，本文對3戶新裝修住宅進行了連續(xù)監(jiān)測。發(fā)現(xiàn)在7～8月里，是東北地區(qū)一年之中日平均氣溫最高、日照時間最長的時間，，從直覺上看，室內(nèi)甲醛的濃度由于通風(fēng)稀釋而降低，但是甲醛的污染是一個連續(xù)不斷的釋放過程，高溫、強烈的日照會增大甲醛從板材中的散發(fā)力度，加快甲醛的散發(fā)頻率，會部分抵消了通風(fēng)換氣造成的甲醛濃度降低值，由此可見，通風(fēng)使?jié)舛冉档�，高溫卻使釋放量增加了，通風(fēng)有其局限性。 在8、9月份，甲醛濃度下降最快，降幅最大，這是因為隨著氣候的改變，氣溫降低抑制了甲醛從板材里的散發(fā)，而隨著風(fēng)力的增大和室內(nèi)外溫差的增大，通風(fēng)的力度加強，稀釋和擴散甲醛的速度加快，導(dǎo)致的甲醛濃度的迅速降低。 在10～12月里，隨著氣溫的進一步降低，住宅開門開窗的時間減少，通風(fēng)換氣的頻率降低，而室內(nèi)甲醛還在從人造板材中緩慢散發(fā)，甲醛的散發(fā)與稀釋擴散達到了一個相對的平衡狀態(tài)。 室內(nèi)甲醛的控制，關(guān)鍵是避免引入污染源，控制能夠給環(huán)境帶來甲醛的材料進入室內(nèi)。在進行室內(nèi)裝飾裝修應(yīng)盡量采用不含甲醛或者甲醛含量低的裝飾、裝修材料，選用符合國家標(biāo)準、高質(zhì)量的健康環(huán)保建材。各級政府主管部門應(yīng)適時強制淘汰落后產(chǎn)品和工藝。 WP=60 大力開發(fā)“綠色建材
[Abstract]:According to the results of the World Health Organization (WHO) survey, 30% of the newly built and rebuilt buildings in the world have found that indoor air is harmful to human health. These polluted indoor air has led to an increase in global population morbidity and mortality. Indoor air pollution has been listed as one of the five environmental factors of public health hazards. Some indoor environmental experts warned people that after the "soot pollution" and "photochemical soot pollution" brought about by the industrial revolution, modern people have entered the third period of pollution marked by "indoor air pollution". The time inside is getting longer and longer, so the environment quality of buildings such as family and office is very important.
Indoor air pollution and atmospheric air pollution are different because of their different environments. Indoor air pollution is cumulative, long-term and diverse. Indoor air pollution is often more serious than outdoor pollution. Particles, bacteria, viruses and other harmful substances in the air are harming people over time. People's health, especially those who are in closed indoor environment for a long time, are especially so.
With the housing reform and the improvement of the national living standard, especially the rapid development of building materials industry and the rise of decoration fever, the pollution caused by decoration materials has become the main source of indoor pollution. The main reason of dyeing is bad decoration, that is, a lot of harmful substances such as formaldehyde, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and other decorative materials are used in the decoration process. Pollution sources of indoor air, many decoration materials contain a variety of pollutants of different types and quantities. Most of them are volatile, can cause more serious indoor air pollution, through the respiratory tract, skin, eyes and other indoor people's health hazards. Formaldehyde and
WP=58
Compared with other indoor organic pollutants, their sources and effects are most prominent in the decoration indoor environment, so it has attracted widespread attention.
Formaldehyde is found in wood-based panels such as plywood, cabinetwork, MDF and particleboard for indoor decoration. Even long-term exposure to low doses of formaldehyde can cause chronic respiratory diseases. High concentrations of formaldehyde are toxic to the nervous system, liver and so on. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of formaldehyde can lead to acute depression. It has been treated as a carcinogen by the International Cancer Research Institute. Formaldehyde discharged from building materials into the air is increasing year by year. Especially in the current residential decoration heat, indoor formaldehyde pollution has aroused great concern.
This paper investigates the formaldehyde concentration in the rooms of 25 newly decorated houses from July 2002 to March 2004, sampling, analyzing and monitoring the formaldehyde concentration in the rooms of the newly decorated houses. The fruit was studied and analyzed.
The indoor formaldehyde concentration of newly decorated houses exceeded the national standard seriously. Among the 25 groups of data monitored, 19 groups exceeded the national standard, and the rate exceeded the national standard nearly 80%. The highest reached nearly 6 times of the national standard, and the average exceeded the standard 1.3 times. It is found that the concentration of formaldehyde in the indoor air is proportional to the number of BLOCKBOARDS used in a unit volume. The more BLOCKBOARDS used in a unit area, the larger the surface area of the formaldehyde emission materials. The greater the concentration of formaldehyde in indoor air, the higher the concentration of formaldehyde.
It is found that formaldehyde in indoor air is derived from decorative materials such as artificial panel. For formaldehyde pollution sources, formaldehyde is located in the deep layer of artificial panel instead of on the surface. The release of formaldehyde is a slow, continuous and uninterrupted process. Short-term indoor ventilation can make the concentration of formaldehyde temporarily. Lower, but if ventilation is stopped
WP=59
If the effect of ventilation is not good, the concentration of formaldehyde will increase with the continuous release of pollution sources, and the concentration of formaldehyde in the room will continue to increase, leading to excessive indoor formaldehyde concentration.
Through tracing and monitoring the experimental objects, it is found that the indoor formaldehyde concentration is obviously reduced by natural ventilation. Enhanced ventilation is conducive to the dilution, emission and discharge of indoor formaldehyde.
In order to study the relationship between the reduction of indoor formaldehyde concentration by natural ventilation and time, three newly decorated houses were continuously monitored. It was found that the daily average temperature was the highest and the sunshine time was the longest in the year from July to August in Northeast China. Formaldehyde pollution is a continuous release process. High temperature and intense sunshine will increase the intensity of formaldehyde emission from the plate, accelerate the frequency of formaldehyde emission, and partially offset the reduction of formaldehyde concentration caused by ventilation and ventilation.
In August and September, the concentration of formaldehyde declined fastest and the largest, because with the change of climate, the decrease of air temperature inhibited the emission of formaldehyde from the plate. With the increase of wind force and indoor and outdoor temperature difference, the ventilation intensity increased, the speed of formaldehyde dilution and diffusion accelerated, resulting in the rapid reduction of formaldehyde concentration.
From October to December, with the further decrease of temperature, the time of opening doors and windows decreases, and the frequency of ventilation and ventilation decreases. Indoor formaldehyde is still emitted slowly from man-made panels, and the emission and dilution of formaldehyde reach a relative balance.
The key to the control of indoor formaldehyde is to avoid introducing pollution sources and to control the materials that can bring formaldehyde into the indoor environment.In indoor decoration and decoration, decoration materials should be adopted as far as possible without formaldehyde or low formaldehyde content, and healthy and environmental protection building materials should be selected which meet the national standards and of high quality.The competent government departments at all levels should be timely and strong. Eliminate backward products and processes.
WP=60
Vigorously develop "green building materials"
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：X51
本文編號：2225697
[Abstract]:According to the results of the World Health Organization (WHO) survey, 30% of the newly built and rebuilt buildings in the world have found that indoor air is harmful to human health. These polluted indoor air has led to an increase in global population morbidity and mortality. Indoor air pollution has been listed as one of the five environmental factors of public health hazards. Some indoor environmental experts warned people that after the "soot pollution" and "photochemical soot pollution" brought about by the industrial revolution, modern people have entered the third period of pollution marked by "indoor air pollution". The time inside is getting longer and longer, so the environment quality of buildings such as family and office is very important.
Indoor air pollution and atmospheric air pollution are different because of their different environments. Indoor air pollution is cumulative, long-term and diverse. Indoor air pollution is often more serious than outdoor pollution. Particles, bacteria, viruses and other harmful substances in the air are harming people over time. People's health, especially those who are in closed indoor environment for a long time, are especially so.
With the housing reform and the improvement of the national living standard, especially the rapid development of building materials industry and the rise of decoration fever, the pollution caused by decoration materials has become the main source of indoor pollution. The main reason of dyeing is bad decoration, that is, a lot of harmful substances such as formaldehyde, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and other decorative materials are used in the decoration process. Pollution sources of indoor air, many decoration materials contain a variety of pollutants of different types and quantities. Most of them are volatile, can cause more serious indoor air pollution, through the respiratory tract, skin, eyes and other indoor people's health hazards. Formaldehyde and
WP=58
Compared with other indoor organic pollutants, their sources and effects are most prominent in the decoration indoor environment, so it has attracted widespread attention.
Formaldehyde is found in wood-based panels such as plywood, cabinetwork, MDF and particleboard for indoor decoration. Even long-term exposure to low doses of formaldehyde can cause chronic respiratory diseases. High concentrations of formaldehyde are toxic to the nervous system, liver and so on. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of formaldehyde can lead to acute depression. It has been treated as a carcinogen by the International Cancer Research Institute. Formaldehyde discharged from building materials into the air is increasing year by year. Especially in the current residential decoration heat, indoor formaldehyde pollution has aroused great concern.
This paper investigates the formaldehyde concentration in the rooms of 25 newly decorated houses from July 2002 to March 2004, sampling, analyzing and monitoring the formaldehyde concentration in the rooms of the newly decorated houses. The fruit was studied and analyzed.
The indoor formaldehyde concentration of newly decorated houses exceeded the national standard seriously. Among the 25 groups of data monitored, 19 groups exceeded the national standard, and the rate exceeded the national standard nearly 80%. The highest reached nearly 6 times of the national standard, and the average exceeded the standard 1.3 times. It is found that the concentration of formaldehyde in the indoor air is proportional to the number of BLOCKBOARDS used in a unit volume. The more BLOCKBOARDS used in a unit area, the larger the surface area of the formaldehyde emission materials. The greater the concentration of formaldehyde in indoor air, the higher the concentration of formaldehyde.
It is found that formaldehyde in indoor air is derived from decorative materials such as artificial panel. For formaldehyde pollution sources, formaldehyde is located in the deep layer of artificial panel instead of on the surface. The release of formaldehyde is a slow, continuous and uninterrupted process. Short-term indoor ventilation can make the concentration of formaldehyde temporarily. Lower, but if ventilation is stopped
WP=59
If the effect of ventilation is not good, the concentration of formaldehyde will increase with the continuous release of pollution sources, and the concentration of formaldehyde in the room will continue to increase, leading to excessive indoor formaldehyde concentration.
Through tracing and monitoring the experimental objects, it is found that the indoor formaldehyde concentration is obviously reduced by natural ventilation. Enhanced ventilation is conducive to the dilution, emission and discharge of indoor formaldehyde.
In order to study the relationship between the reduction of indoor formaldehyde concentration by natural ventilation and time, three newly decorated houses were continuously monitored. It was found that the daily average temperature was the highest and the sunshine time was the longest in the year from July to August in Northeast China. Formaldehyde pollution is a continuous release process. High temperature and intense sunshine will increase the intensity of formaldehyde emission from the plate, accelerate the frequency of formaldehyde emission, and partially offset the reduction of formaldehyde concentration caused by ventilation and ventilation.
In August and September, the concentration of formaldehyde declined fastest and the largest, because with the change of climate, the decrease of air temperature inhibited the emission of formaldehyde from the plate. With the increase of wind force and indoor and outdoor temperature difference, the ventilation intensity increased, the speed of formaldehyde dilution and diffusion accelerated, resulting in the rapid reduction of formaldehyde concentration.
From October to December, with the further decrease of temperature, the time of opening doors and windows decreases, and the frequency of ventilation and ventilation decreases. Indoor formaldehyde is still emitted slowly from man-made panels, and the emission and dilution of formaldehyde reach a relative balance.
The key to the control of indoor formaldehyde is to avoid introducing pollution sources and to control the materials that can bring formaldehyde into the indoor environment.In indoor decoration and decoration, decoration materials should be adopted as far as possible without formaldehyde or low formaldehyde content, and healthy and environmental protection building materials should be selected which meet the national standards and of high quality.The competent government departments at all levels should be timely and strong. Eliminate backward products and processes.
WP=60
Vigorously develop "green building materials"
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：X51
【引證文獻】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前5條
1 費躍;碳納米管基氣敏傳感器檢測室內(nèi)甲醛研究[D];華東理工大學(xué);2011年
2 張倩;彩色活性炭的制備[D];東北林業(yè)大學(xué);2011年
3 李妍妍;強化復(fù)合地板模擬室內(nèi)環(huán)境甲醛釋放規(guī)律的研究[D];南京林業(yè)大學(xué);2008年
4 馬亞夢;裝修居室甲醛污染狀況及功能植物的甲醛去除能力研究[D];中南大學(xué);2012年
5 耿耿;室內(nèi)建材污染物的釋放及控制技術(shù)的實驗研究[D];沈陽建筑大學(xué);2012年
本文編號：2225697
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