基于葉綠素?zé)晒獾闹脖豢偝跫壣a(chǎn)力估算
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-20 19:30
【摘要】：植被總初級生產(chǎn)力(Gross Primary Production,GPP)反映的是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水平上,陸生植物通過光合作用所固定的有機碳量,是全球最大的碳通量,也是多個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能的驅(qū)動力。精確地掌握陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)GPP的時空動態(tài)特征,不僅可以加深對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)與氣候系統(tǒng)的相互反饋作用的認知,而且對于全面理解碳循環(huán)和制定應(yīng)對氣候變化相關(guān)政策具有重要意義。日光誘導(dǎo)葉綠素?zé)晒?Suninduced Chlorophyll Fluorescence,SIF)作為光合作用的伴生產(chǎn)物,被認為是比傳統(tǒng)植被指數(shù)更為合適的光合活動“指示器”。基于衛(wèi)星遙感數(shù)據(jù)反演的SIF數(shù)據(jù)集,已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同植物區(qū)系的GPP與SIF均存在很強的線性關(guān)系,能夠為GPP估算提供了一種更為直接的遙感方法。然而,冠層尺度GPP與SIF的相關(guān)關(guān)系還會受到環(huán)境脅迫、冠層結(jié)構(gòu)、植物功能型等多方面因素的影響,GPP-SIF遙感估算模型還存在很大的不確定性。鑒于此,本文針對基于SIF的GPP遙感估算模型與不確定性這一重要的基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)問題,開展了GPP-SIF相關(guān)關(guān)系對光合生理響應(yīng)的敏感分析、不同波段熒光估算GPP的能力比較、以及基于SIF衛(wèi)星遙感信號的全球GPP模擬與評估三方面工作,主要研究內(nèi)容與結(jié)論如下:1)本文首先探究了SIF探測植物光合固碳的潛力及不同光合功能型GPPSIF耦合關(guān)系的差異特征�；谕接^測的GPP和SIF760數(shù)據(jù),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在作物冠層GPP、SIF760的日變化規(guī)律與入射光合有效輻射一致,均呈午間高、早晚低的趨勢,SIF760信號可以追蹤植物光合作用的日變化動態(tài)。在冬小麥(C3作物)和夏玉米(C4作物)冠層,GPP與SIF760均呈顯著的線性相關(guān)關(guān)系,進一步肯定了SIF遙感信號可以用于直接估算GPP的能力。然而,由于C3、C4作物熒光量子產(chǎn)量ε_F接近,但是光能利用率ε_P差異較大,使得C4作物的GPP-SIF760的線性斜率是C3作物的2.16倍(若去除C3作物光合午休點對,C4斜率是C3的1.82倍)。因此,在應(yīng)用基于SIF的經(jīng)驗?zāi)Ｐ?GPP=ε_P/ε_F×SIF)估算作物冠層GPP時,應(yīng)首先考慮區(qū)分植物光合型,分別建立C3、C4作物冠層的GPP估算模型。2)本文通過模擬與觀測實驗相結(jié)合的方法,探究了紅光與遠紅光波段的SIF對GPP的估算潛力。很多理論研究與觀測實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),紅光與遠紅光波段的葉綠素?zé)晒鈱夂仙頎顟B(tài)的表征存在一定差異,且熒光在冠層內(nèi)輻射傳輸?shù)奈蘸蜕⑸涮匦源嬖谳^大差異,但目前這兩個波段的葉綠素?zé)晒鈱PP的估算潛力認識不一。我們首先利用SCOPE(Soil-Canopy-Observation of Photosynthesis and the Energy balance)模擬了不同葉綠素密度Cab和葉面積指數(shù)LAI情景下冬小麥冠層的GPP、SIF760、SIF688的日變化數(shù)據(jù)集。統(tǒng)計分析結(jié)果表明,隨著Cab和LAI的變化,GPP與SIF760的相關(guān)關(guān)系依然可以用同一的線性模型表示,但是GPP-SIF688線性關(guān)系對Cab與LAI的敏感性較高,而呈“展翅狀”。植被指數(shù)(特別是NDVI_(rededge)、CI_(rededge)和NDVI×WDRVI_(rededge))的變形可以作為紅光熒光逃逸比例f_(esc)(688)很好的近似,抑制GPP-SIF688相關(guān)關(guān)系對Cab與LAI的敏感性,使得冬小麥冠層的GPP-SIF688×f(VI)線性模型的估算能力與GPP-SIF760相當。然而,考慮到紅光熒光難以準確反演以及冠層強烈的重吸收作用,遠紅光熒光可以為監(jiān)測生態(tài)系統(tǒng)光合作用提供更為可靠的方法。3)本文開展了基于SIF衛(wèi)星遙感的全球GPP估算研究。眾多研究表明,葉綠素?zé)晒膺b感可作為直接估算GPP的新方法,但是基于SIF衛(wèi)星遙感的全球尺度GPP估算研究還十分薄弱。本文基于GOME-2 SIF740與FLUXNET共享數(shù)據(jù),在不同植被類型建立了GPP-SIF回歸模型,并估算了2007-2014年全球GPPSIF數(shù)據(jù)集。通過與MODIS GPP產(chǎn)品進行對比,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個數(shù)據(jù)集在時序動態(tài)、空間分布、年累計總量較為一致,而且GPPSIF產(chǎn)品算法簡單且不需要引入輔助的氣象數(shù)據(jù)和植被指數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)。然而,GPPSIF受制于數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量和通量數(shù)據(jù)的可用性,而GPPMOD受限于模型輸入數(shù)據(jù)的精度,兩個產(chǎn)品在常綠闊葉林、熱帶稀樹草原和灌木林區(qū)域存在一定程度的不確定性。此外,我們還比較了景觀尺度上C3、C4作物GPPEC與SIF衛(wèi)星遙感信號的相關(guān)關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)C4作物線性斜率是C3作物斜率的1.81倍,與地面實驗結(jié)果基本一致。景觀尺度的GPP-SIF線性模型對植物光合功能型也同樣敏感,進一步證實C3、C4植物時空動態(tài)分布對于準確估算全球GPP是十分重要的。本文的主要創(chuàng)新性貢獻包括:1)首次通過理論推導(dǎo)和實驗觀測,闡明了C3、C4作物GPP-SIF耦合關(guān)系的差異特征。針對GPP-SIF相關(guān)關(guān)系對光合生理響應(yīng)不確定的研究問題,建立了基于光合電子傳遞速率(ETR)模型的C3、C4植被GPP-SIF響應(yīng)差異的理論計算方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)相同熒光產(chǎn)量下C4作物GPP比C3作物高1倍左右;并組織系列GPP與SIF日變化同步觀測實驗,和GOME-2衛(wèi)星時序遙感實驗,進一步定量分析了SIF在C3、C4作物GPP估算中的應(yīng)用潛力與差異特征,實驗測量與理論推導(dǎo)結(jié)果一致。2)首次通過模型模擬和野外實驗相結(jié)合的方法,定量研究了不同波段SIF估算GPP的潛力。由于紅光熒光難以準確獲取,目前熒光遙感應(yīng)用主要聚焦于遠紅光熒光波段。本文基于SCOPE模擬數(shù)據(jù)及光譜分辨率為0.3 nm的QE Pro光譜儀觀測的日變化數(shù)據(jù),評價了紅光與遠紅光熒光估算冬小麥冠層GPP的能力,結(jié)果表明遠紅光熒光受冠層結(jié)構(gòu)的影響相對較小,更適合應(yīng)用于衛(wèi)星尺度的GPP估算與光合生理監(jiān)測。3)建立了衛(wèi)星尺度的不同植被覆蓋類型GPP-SIF遙感估算模型,首次研制了SIF衛(wèi)星遙感數(shù)據(jù)直接驅(qū)動的GPP估算產(chǎn)品。盡管基于SIF直接估算GPP的方法備受關(guān)注,但是目前尚未有基于葉綠素?zé)晒獾娜蜿懙厣鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)GPP產(chǎn)品。本文估算的2007-2014年全球的陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)GPPSIF數(shù)據(jù)集與MOD17 GPP產(chǎn)品的時空格局具有較高的一致性,而且算法簡單且機理清晰,不需要借助氣象數(shù)據(jù)和植被指數(shù)產(chǎn)品,可以在一定程度上避免輔助數(shù)據(jù)引入的不確定性。本研究為更好地理解不同時空尺度GPP與SIF的關(guān)聯(lián)機制提供理論依據(jù)、實驗基礎(chǔ)和模型方法,同時提供的基于SIF衛(wèi)星遙感數(shù)據(jù)的陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)GPP產(chǎn)品可用于分析不同類型生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的光合功能狀態(tài)和生態(tài)服務(wù)能力,將對全球碳循環(huán)研究具有重要意義。
[Abstract]:The total primary productivity of vegetation (Gross Primary Production, GPP) reflects the ecological system level. The amount of organic carbon fixed by the terrestrial plants through photosynthesis is the largest carbon flux in the world. It is also the driving force of multiple ecosystem functions. The precise grasp of the spatial and temporal dynamic characteristics of the terrestrial ecosystem GPP can not only deepen the ecology of the ecological system, but also deepen the ecology of the ecosystem. The mutual feedback interaction between the system and the climate system is of great significance for a comprehensive understanding of the carbon cycle and the formulation of climate change related policies. The sunlight induced chlorophyll fluorescence (Suninduced Chlorophyll Fluorescence, SIF), as a companion product of photosynthesis, is considered to be more suitable for photosynthesis than the traditional vegetation index. Active "indicator". Based on the SIF data set retrieved from satellite remote sensing data, it has been found that there is a strong linear relationship between GPP and SIF in different flora. It can provide a more direct remote sensing method for GPP estimation. However, the correlation of canopy scale GPP and SIF will be subjected to environmental stress, canopy structure and plant work. In view of the influence of energy type and other factors, there are still great uncertainties in the GPP-SIF remote sensing estimation model. In view of this, this paper has carried out the sensitivity analysis of the GPP-SIF correlation to the photosynthetic physiological response to the important basic scientific problems of the SIF based GPP remote sensing estimation model and uncertainty, and the capacity ratio of the different band fluorescence estimation of GPP. Compared with three aspects of global GPP simulation and evaluation based on SIF satellite remote sensing signals, the main research contents and conclusions are as follows: 1) this paper first explored the potential of SIF detection of photosynthetic carbon sequestration and the difference characteristics of the coupling relationship between different photosynthetic functional GPPSIF. Based on the GPP and SIF760 data of synchronous observation, we found that in the crop canopy G The daily variation of PP, SIF760 is in accordance with the effective radiation of incident light, which shows a trend of high noon, early and late, and SIF760 signals can track the diurnal variation of plant photosynthesis. In winter wheat (C3 crop) and summer corn (C4 crop) canopy, GPP and SIF760 have a significant linear correlation, and further affirms that SIF remote sensing signals can be used. The ability of GPP is estimated directly. However, because of C3, the fluorescence quantum yield of C4 crops is close to _F, but the light energy utilization ratio is quite different, which makes the linear slope of GPP-SIF760 in the C4 crop is 2.16 times that of C3 crops (if the C3 crop photosynthesis noon break is removed, the C4 slope is 1.82 times C3). Therefore, the empirical model based on SIF is applied. F) when estimating crop canopy GPP, we should first consider the differentiation of plant photosynthesis, establish the GPP estimation model of C3, C4 crop canopy,.2). The estimation potential of SIF to GPP in red and far red light bands is explored by combining simulation and observation experiments. Many theoretical research and observation experiments have found that red and far red light bands are found. There is a certain difference in the characterization of photosynthetic physiological state by green fluorescence, and there is a great difference in the absorption and scattering characteristics of the radiation transmission in the canopy, but at present, the chlorophyll fluorescence of these two bands is different for the estimation potential of GPP. We first use SCOPE (Soil-Canopy-Observation of Photosynthesis and the Energy balan). CE) simulated diurnal variation data sets of GPP, SIF760, SIF688 of winter wheat canopy with different chlorophyll density Cab and leaf area index LAI. The statistical analysis shows that the correlation between GPP and SIF760 can still be expressed with the same linear model with the changes of Cab and LAI, but the GPP-SIF688 linear relationship is more sensitive to Cab and SIF760. The deformation of the vegetation index (especially NDVI_ (rededge), CI_ (rededge) and NDVI * WDRVI_ (rededge)) can be used as a good approximation of the red light escape ratio f_ (ESC) (688), which inhibits the sensitivity of GPP-SIF688 correlation to Cab and LAI, and makes the estimation ability of the linear model of winter wheat canopy. P-SIF760 is equivalent. However, considering the inaccurate inversion of red light fluorescence and the strong reabsorption of the canopy, far red fluorescence can provide a more reliable method for monitoring ecosystem photosynthesis. This paper has carried out a global GPP estimation study based on SIF satellite remote sensing. Many studies have shown that chlorophyll fluorescence remote sensing can be used directly as a direct method. A new method for estimating GPP, but the global scale GPP estimation based on SIF satellite remote sensing is still very weak. Based on the shared data of GOME-2 SIF740 and FLUXNET, this paper establishes a GPP-SIF regression model in different vegetation types, and estimates the global GPPSIF data set for 2007-2014 years. By comparing with MODIS GPP products, two data sets are found. The GPPSIF product algorithm is simple and does not require the introduction of auxiliary meteorological data and vegetation index data. However, GPPSIF is subject to the availability of data quality and flux data, while GPPMOD is limited to the accuracy of the model input data. Two products are in evergreen broad-leaved forests, tropical savage trees There was a certain degree of uncertainty in the grassland and shrub forest area. In addition, we also compared the correlation between C3, C4 crop GPPEC and SIF satellite remote sensing signals on the landscape scale, and found that the linear slope of the C4 crop is 1.81 times the slope of the C3 crop, which is basically consistent with the ground experimental results. The GPP-SIF linear model of the landscape scale has the function of plant photosynthesis. It is also sensitive and further confirms that the spatial and temporal distribution of C3, C4 plants is very important for accurate estimation of global GPP. The main innovative contributions of this paper include: 1) the difference characteristics of GPP-SIF coupling relationship between C3 and C4 crops are clarified for the first time by theoretical deduction and experimental observation. The response to photosynthetic physiological response to GPP-SIF correlation is uncertain. The theoretical calculation method based on the photosynthetic electron transfer rate (ETR) model for the response difference between C3 and C4 vegetation GPP-SIF was established. It was found that the C4 crop GPP was 1 times higher than that of the C3 crop under the same fluorescence production, and the synchronous observation experiment of the GPP and SIF daily changes and the GOME-2 satellite temporal remote sensing experiment were carried out, and the SIF quantitative analysis of SIF was made. The application potential and difference characteristics in the GPP estimation of C3 and C4 crops, the experimental measurement and the theoretical derivation are in agreement with.2). The potential of estimating GPP in different bands of SIF is studied for the first time through the combination of model simulation and field experiment. Because the red light fluorescence is difficult to obtain, the applications of fluorescence remote sensing mainly focus on the far red fluorescence. Based on the diurnal data of the SCOPE simulated data and the spectral resolution of the QE Pro spectrometer with a spectral resolution of 0.3 nm, this paper evaluates the ability of red and far red fluorescence to estimate winter wheat canopy GPP. The results show that the effect of the far red light on the canopy structure is relatively small, and is more suitable for the estimation of GPP and the physiological monitoring of photosynthetic physiology that should be used for satellite scale. .3) established the GPP-SIF remote sensing estimation model of different vegetation cover types on satellite scale, and developed the GPP estimation product directly driven by SIF satellite remote sensing data for the first time. Although the method of direct estimation of GPP based on SIF has attracted much attention, there is no GPP product based on chlorophyll fluorescence in all sphere terrestrial ecosystem. 2007-2 The 014 year global terrestrial ecosystem GPPSIF data set has a high consistency with the spatio-temporal pattern of the MOD17 GPP products. Moreover, the algorithm is simple and the mechanism is clear. It does not need the aid of meteorological data and vegetation index products. It can avoid the uncertainty of the introduction of auxiliary data to a certain extent. This study is to better understand the different time and space scale G The correlation mechanism between PP and SIF provides a theoretical basis, the experimental basis and model method, and the terrestrial ecosystem GPP products based on SIF satellite remote sensing data can be used to analyze the photosynthetic function state and ecological service ability of different types of ecosystems, which will be of great significance to the global carbon cycle research.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國科學(xué)院遙感與數(shù)字地球研究所)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S127
[Abstract]:The total primary productivity of vegetation (Gross Primary Production, GPP) reflects the ecological system level. The amount of organic carbon fixed by the terrestrial plants through photosynthesis is the largest carbon flux in the world. It is also the driving force of multiple ecosystem functions. The precise grasp of the spatial and temporal dynamic characteristics of the terrestrial ecosystem GPP can not only deepen the ecology of the ecological system, but also deepen the ecology of the ecosystem. The mutual feedback interaction between the system and the climate system is of great significance for a comprehensive understanding of the carbon cycle and the formulation of climate change related policies. The sunlight induced chlorophyll fluorescence (Suninduced Chlorophyll Fluorescence, SIF), as a companion product of photosynthesis, is considered to be more suitable for photosynthesis than the traditional vegetation index. Active "indicator". Based on the SIF data set retrieved from satellite remote sensing data, it has been found that there is a strong linear relationship between GPP and SIF in different flora. It can provide a more direct remote sensing method for GPP estimation. However, the correlation of canopy scale GPP and SIF will be subjected to environmental stress, canopy structure and plant work. In view of the influence of energy type and other factors, there are still great uncertainties in the GPP-SIF remote sensing estimation model. In view of this, this paper has carried out the sensitivity analysis of the GPP-SIF correlation to the photosynthetic physiological response to the important basic scientific problems of the SIF based GPP remote sensing estimation model and uncertainty, and the capacity ratio of the different band fluorescence estimation of GPP. Compared with three aspects of global GPP simulation and evaluation based on SIF satellite remote sensing signals, the main research contents and conclusions are as follows: 1) this paper first explored the potential of SIF detection of photosynthetic carbon sequestration and the difference characteristics of the coupling relationship between different photosynthetic functional GPPSIF. Based on the GPP and SIF760 data of synchronous observation, we found that in the crop canopy G The daily variation of PP, SIF760 is in accordance with the effective radiation of incident light, which shows a trend of high noon, early and late, and SIF760 signals can track the diurnal variation of plant photosynthesis. In winter wheat (C3 crop) and summer corn (C4 crop) canopy, GPP and SIF760 have a significant linear correlation, and further affirms that SIF remote sensing signals can be used. The ability of GPP is estimated directly. However, because of C3, the fluorescence quantum yield of C4 crops is close to _F, but the light energy utilization ratio is quite different, which makes the linear slope of GPP-SIF760 in the C4 crop is 2.16 times that of C3 crops (if the C3 crop photosynthesis noon break is removed, the C4 slope is 1.82 times C3). Therefore, the empirical model based on SIF is applied. F) when estimating crop canopy GPP, we should first consider the differentiation of plant photosynthesis, establish the GPP estimation model of C3, C4 crop canopy,.2). The estimation potential of SIF to GPP in red and far red light bands is explored by combining simulation and observation experiments. Many theoretical research and observation experiments have found that red and far red light bands are found. There is a certain difference in the characterization of photosynthetic physiological state by green fluorescence, and there is a great difference in the absorption and scattering characteristics of the radiation transmission in the canopy, but at present, the chlorophyll fluorescence of these two bands is different for the estimation potential of GPP. We first use SCOPE (Soil-Canopy-Observation of Photosynthesis and the Energy balan). CE) simulated diurnal variation data sets of GPP, SIF760, SIF688 of winter wheat canopy with different chlorophyll density Cab and leaf area index LAI. The statistical analysis shows that the correlation between GPP and SIF760 can still be expressed with the same linear model with the changes of Cab and LAI, but the GPP-SIF688 linear relationship is more sensitive to Cab and SIF760. The deformation of the vegetation index (especially NDVI_ (rededge), CI_ (rededge) and NDVI * WDRVI_ (rededge)) can be used as a good approximation of the red light escape ratio f_ (ESC) (688), which inhibits the sensitivity of GPP-SIF688 correlation to Cab and LAI, and makes the estimation ability of the linear model of winter wheat canopy. P-SIF760 is equivalent. However, considering the inaccurate inversion of red light fluorescence and the strong reabsorption of the canopy, far red fluorescence can provide a more reliable method for monitoring ecosystem photosynthesis. This paper has carried out a global GPP estimation study based on SIF satellite remote sensing. Many studies have shown that chlorophyll fluorescence remote sensing can be used directly as a direct method. A new method for estimating GPP, but the global scale GPP estimation based on SIF satellite remote sensing is still very weak. Based on the shared data of GOME-2 SIF740 and FLUXNET, this paper establishes a GPP-SIF regression model in different vegetation types, and estimates the global GPPSIF data set for 2007-2014 years. By comparing with MODIS GPP products, two data sets are found. The GPPSIF product algorithm is simple and does not require the introduction of auxiliary meteorological data and vegetation index data. However, GPPSIF is subject to the availability of data quality and flux data, while GPPMOD is limited to the accuracy of the model input data. Two products are in evergreen broad-leaved forests, tropical savage trees There was a certain degree of uncertainty in the grassland and shrub forest area. In addition, we also compared the correlation between C3, C4 crop GPPEC and SIF satellite remote sensing signals on the landscape scale, and found that the linear slope of the C4 crop is 1.81 times the slope of the C3 crop, which is basically consistent with the ground experimental results. The GPP-SIF linear model of the landscape scale has the function of plant photosynthesis. It is also sensitive and further confirms that the spatial and temporal distribution of C3, C4 plants is very important for accurate estimation of global GPP. The main innovative contributions of this paper include: 1) the difference characteristics of GPP-SIF coupling relationship between C3 and C4 crops are clarified for the first time by theoretical deduction and experimental observation. The response to photosynthetic physiological response to GPP-SIF correlation is uncertain. The theoretical calculation method based on the photosynthetic electron transfer rate (ETR) model for the response difference between C3 and C4 vegetation GPP-SIF was established. It was found that the C4 crop GPP was 1 times higher than that of the C3 crop under the same fluorescence production, and the synchronous observation experiment of the GPP and SIF daily changes and the GOME-2 satellite temporal remote sensing experiment were carried out, and the SIF quantitative analysis of SIF was made. The application potential and difference characteristics in the GPP estimation of C3 and C4 crops, the experimental measurement and the theoretical derivation are in agreement with.2). The potential of estimating GPP in different bands of SIF is studied for the first time through the combination of model simulation and field experiment. Because the red light fluorescence is difficult to obtain, the applications of fluorescence remote sensing mainly focus on the far red fluorescence. Based on the diurnal data of the SCOPE simulated data and the spectral resolution of the QE Pro spectrometer with a spectral resolution of 0.3 nm, this paper evaluates the ability of red and far red fluorescence to estimate winter wheat canopy GPP. The results show that the effect of the far red light on the canopy structure is relatively small, and is more suitable for the estimation of GPP and the physiological monitoring of photosynthetic physiology that should be used for satellite scale. .3) established the GPP-SIF remote sensing estimation model of different vegetation cover types on satellite scale, and developed the GPP estimation product directly driven by SIF satellite remote sensing data for the first time. Although the method of direct estimation of GPP based on SIF has attracted much attention, there is no GPP product based on chlorophyll fluorescence in all sphere terrestrial ecosystem. 2007-2 The 014 year global terrestrial ecosystem GPPSIF data set has a high consistency with the spatio-temporal pattern of the MOD17 GPP products. Moreover, the algorithm is simple and the mechanism is clear. It does not need the aid of meteorological data and vegetation index products. It can avoid the uncertainty of the introduction of auxiliary data to a certain extent. This study is to better understand the different time and space scale G The correlation mechanism between PP and SIF provides a theoretical basis, the experimental basis and model method, and the terrestrial ecosystem GPP products based on SIF satellite remote sensing data can be used to analyze the photosynthetic function state and ecological service ability of different types of ecosystems, which will be of great significance to the global carbon cycle research.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國科學(xué)院遙感與數(shù)字地球研究所)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S127
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